Ap Bio Respiration Frq

40) Describe the structure of a mammalian respiratory system. Include in your discussion the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration. In mammals, oxygen first passes through the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is covered with mucus and cicilia to filter the air. The nasal cavity leads to the pharynx. The pharynx consists of the eustachian tube and the tonsils. The inhaled air then passes to the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The bronchi lead to the bronchioles in the lungs. In the lungs the pleural membrane facilitates breathing. The bronchioles end in microscopic alveoli lined by a thin, moist epithelium.The alveoli is the primary site of gas exchange. Branches of the pulmonary arteries send oxygen poor blood to the alveoli; branches of the pulmonary veins transport oxygen rich blood from the alveoli back to the heart. Inspiration (the process of inhaling) begins as the external intercostals and diaphragm contract. When this happens, the lungs expand. After this, negative pressure is used to facilitate respiration. So, air moves from an area of higher pressure, which is the air, to an area of lower pressure in the lungs and aveoli. During inspiration the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.The diaphragm moves downwards, while the intercostal muscles make the rib cage move upwards. These two processes increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and also reduces the air pressure to below atmospheric pressure allowing air to rush into the airways then into the alveoli. With expiration (the process of exhaling) the opposite occurs. Here, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. This allows the diaphragm to move upwards and the intercostal muscles let the rib cage relax to its resting state. This concept is called passive recoil.After passive recoil occurs, the volume within the thoracic cavity now decreases. This decrease in volume causes an increase in pressure above atmospheric pressure which forces air up and out the airway. In mammals, a large part pa rt of the process of respiration is controlled neurally through the medulla oblongata. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. The main centers in the medula that control respiration are the inspiratory and expiratory center. 3) Discuss the processes of exchange of O2 and CO2 that occur at the alveoli and muscle cells of mammals. Include in your answer a description of the transport of these gasses in the blood. The aveoli is very important to respiration. The aveoli needs to be efficient in obtaining oxygen as the air is approximately 20% oxygen. The aveoli are small, thinly-walled, sacs of air made out of collagen and elastic fibers. It is lined by a thin, moist epithelium, which allows for easy expansion. In respiration, first the lungs are ventilated to maintain their concentration gradient, which draws in fresh air with a higher concentration of O2.The air then fills the alveoli, which are completely surrounded by many blood capillaries in order to maintain a short diffusion distance for the O2 to diffuse in, and the CO2 to diffuse out, so both bring down the concentration gradients. The blood then carries the Oxygen away, and cycles the CO2 back, maintaining a strong concentration gradient, helping to raise the diffusion rates. It is by this mechanism that mammals are able to maintain respiration in all the cells of their body. The concentration discussed above is crucial to gas exchange because it allows osmosis and diffusion to take place.To further facilitate diffusion the surface of the aveoli is moist. Eventually, the oxygen diffuses from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid to be taken up by the cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries. The oxygen can also be stored in myoglobin, which can be found in muscles. Some CO2 will be present in plasma. This lowers the pH of blood. The levels of dissolved oxygen in the blood are usually 100 mm Hg in the lungs, 40 mm Hg in the muscles during rest, and 20 mm Hg in the muscles during exercise.The oxygen in the aveoli is carried by hemoglobin or in red blood cells. Hemoglobin can be found in red blood cells themselves. The transportation of hemoglobin and oxygen uses cooperation. The cooperation is allosteric. Once oxygen attaches to it, more oxygen molecules attach easily. The opposite occurs when hemoglobin looses one oxygen molecule. The graph of this relationship would be an s-shaped curve. But, both carbon monoxide and oxygen compete to be able to get to the binding site on hemoglobin. Most carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions (HCO3).The enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up reactions and lets the carbon dioxide dissolve more easily. If the CO2 is not dissolved by an aqueous solution, some of it can be carried by hemoglobin. The hemoglobin carries the CO2 at a different site so it doesn’t compete with the O2. When the CO2 starts out at the alveolus, it first goes to the pulmonary vein, then the left atrium, the left ventricle, the artery, the capillary, and finally the CO2 gets to the muscle cells. If the CO2 travels from the muscles cells to the alveolus, the same process occurs in reverse. 4) Many physiological changes occur during exercise. -Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis that an exercise session causes short term increases in the heart rate and breathing rate in humans. -Explain how at least three organ systems are affected by the increased physical activity and discuss interactions among these systems. a. An experiment to test this: First, you would need at least 10 people to participate in the experiment. The bigger the data pool, the more reliable your results will be. You would just need a stopwatch for this experiment.First, you would measure the heart rate and respiration rate of all the participants. The heart rate would be measured by feeling the pulse of the person by touching their neck. The number of beats felt in one minute is multiplied by 10 to obtain the heart rate. To obtain the respiration rate, simply count the amount of times the person's chest cavity rises and falls during breathing. This data of the participants at rest would serve as the control. The experimental data would come from the participants during exercise.So, afterward all the participants would be instructed to run along the some course for about 5 minutes. They would run at a moderate jogging speed. When the 5 minutes are up, the heart rate and breathing would be recorded the same way as before. Then, immediately after the data is recorded, the runners would run for another 15 minutes. The data would be recorded the same way immediately afterward. After the data is recorded, the runners would take a 30 minute rest in order to return to a homeostatic condition. After the rest, the heart rate and respiration rate woul d be recorded yet again.If the hypothesis is true, the heart rate and respiration rate should be higher when the participants were exercising. After the rest, the participants should be back to normal. b. – Circulatory System: First of all, the heart in creases the stroke volume (SV). The stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat. Then, the body increases the rate of blood circulation to carry oxygen and nutrients to working muscle cells. The increased flow also carries excess CO2 out of the body. So, the cardiac output increases and the blood pressure increases as well.To cause heat loss during exercise, the capillary beds that go to the skin dilate. – Respiratory System: During exercise there is an increased gas exchange between CO2 and O2. This is needed so a lot more oxygen (O2) can travel to the cells and be used as energy. Also, the increased rate of respiration helps expel the extra CO2 that is produced by the mus cle cells. The increased blood circulation during exercise causes the lungs to adapt by recruiting extra capillaries to carry the increased output of the heart, further increasing the quantity of blood in the lung.This means that the diffusion capacity of the lungs is also affected. – Digestive System: During exercise, the digestive system immediately increases the rate of glycogenolysis. During glycogenolysis there is an increased rate of digestion in the body to break down the carbohydrates into glucose. Cellular respiration uses the glucose to increase the production of ATP. The digestive system also diverts blood away from splanchnic renal areas, where it is not needed much. All these processes help provide fuel and energy for physical activity.

Fayol’s Management Functions and Its Essay

Managers motivate employees, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel or deal in any way with employee behaviour issues, they are leading. In controlling, ‘managers evaluate how well an organisation is achieving its goals and take action to maintain or improve performance’, (Waddell, Devin, Jones, George, 2008, p. 9). Controlling when handled well ensures that the overall direction of individuals and groups are consistent with the short and long term goals of the organisation. It also helps to maintain compliance with essential organisation rules and policies. Fayol (Fayol, 1949, p. 107) stated that controlling purpose was to ‘identify weaknesses and problems such that they can be rectified and reoccurrences prevented’. In identifying and addressing issues quickly the organisation can maintain its productivity whilst also maintaining an optimum work environment. The planning and controlling management functions are closely related, as the planning functions establishes goals, while the controlling function nsure that the goal is being worked towards by all parties involved. Fayol is seen by some as the founding father of management functions’ (Raymond E. Miles, Charles C. Snow, Alan D. Meyer and Henry J. Coleman, Jr. , 1978, p. 556). While some of his principle and functions are no longer appropriate, his core functions have been adapted to modern organisational management issues. Plan, lead, organise and control, may have ‘stood the test of time’ (fell, 2000, p. 345) due to their simplicity and malleability to change with demand for modern management thinking. These four principles may be seen as outdated, but his methods still work. If there is ‘good communication, understanding, unity, continuity, flexibility and precision’ (Fayol, 1945, p 137

Creativity Is The Process Of Being Creative Education Essay

Your Creativity accomplishments expandedEveryone has a demand to be able to accommodate creatively and therefore maintain up with the of all time changing universe. Although it has been said that ground could be used, now there is an apprehension that this can hinder people from fast and ignorant alterations in a state of affairs, and to profit in job work outing people need to see things in new ways, expand bing ideas and develop accomplishments which enable them to go a benefit to any undertaking group or administration. More late administrations have had to do drastic originative alterations in working ways, unlike the smooth, formulated easy alterations of the yesteryear. The logic and the ground are limited when puting up for difficult to think discontinuous alteration, so there is a demand to travel beyond them. It is all about how to travel off from limited thought, traditional mentalities, premises, and that deep rooted manner of nearing jobs. It is suggested that intellectual hemispheres are responsible for different ways of activities: the left one is responsible for logics, scientific and practical ways while he right one is used for more originative activities. Whether you are used to treating one manner over the other it would be of great benefit to go familiar with both, as there has been grounds demoing the more a certain portion of the encephalon is used the more it will develop physiologically. Constraints ‘ being removed before nearing jobs is critical in order to happen the best solution, and people need to alter the end to avoid remaining in a position quo. Predicting alterations in the environment, continually redeveloping it is of import, utilizing creativeness is indispensable in conveying about a different hereafter. The ICT invasion is a all right illustration where some administrations were non originative plenty to travel fast and benefit. When making possible solutions the more options the more likelihood that a solution will come to light, particularly when there has been opposition in the yesteryear. Idea coevals from consecutive divergent and convergent phases is an ideal tool for this. In short the usage of both types of thought is valid, in respects to the left and right cerebral hemispheres mentioned earlier. Creative execution has scope when there are a broad scope of options, and in order to convey creativeness about restrictions need to be forgotten and originative thought must take over, this is the lone manner to convey approximately great alteration.Creative thought is a procedure which improves the ability to be originative and being in a all right province of head for bring forthing new thoughts. It means besides believing deliberately in ways that improve the likeliness of original ideas happening, it maximises the ability of the encephalon to believe of new diverse and complex thoughts ; a series of mental actions which produce alterations and developments of idea ; the procedure of researching multiple avenues of actions or ideas, ( sometimes calledA divergent thinkingA because idea forms and countries of belief are expanded. ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brainstorming.co.uk/tutorials/definitions.html # originative thought ) .Creative Tools for Problem Solving A squad ‘s work requires creativeness and one of the best known originative tools is brainstorming. Brainstorming is an advanced tool ; it helps team creatively and competently bring forth a high degree of thoughts on any subject by promoting free thought ( Basu 2008 ) . There are several fluctuations of the procedure itself ; two of them are more common- structured and unstructured methods. In the first method each member is asked to come up with an thought, whilst in the 2nd one thought is produced at any clip by anyone. Brainstorming is frequently used when logical tools can non work out a job. Another tool for effectual job resolution is Mind Map. Mind Map is non-linear, spacial, graphical technique. There is a cardinal image which is the chief topic and thoughts are spread out of it like subdivisions. Besides subjects of secondary importance are distributing out like subdivisions from chief subjects ( Malone 2004 ) . Rich picture- at first sight these images are deceptively fiddling. However, this conceals the complicated manner of garnering information, thoughts, experiences and all other beginnings which helps to make ( Kazi 2005 ) . The rich image is a communicating channel which articulates the state of affairs through aggravation. Ocular thinking- it is a portion of believing procedure, which is extremely valuable and used widely. When ocular information is presented, rather frequently it is much easier to obtain the significance ( Paterson 1993 ) . Collaboration- it is a vivacious and interpersonal procedure which involves committedness, ends, shared values. It requires that squad members act together, portion the power and are unfastened to possibilities of personal and/or professional dealing ( Hamric et al2005 ) . Journaling- it is a inveterate dated events and thoughts. Journal besides includes contemplations and responses of author ( authors ) of those thoughts ( Stevens and Cooper 2009 ) . Journaling ‘s chief characteristics: it is written, entries are dated, it is written in informal linguistic communication and it is flexible- type of entries, intents for maintaining it etc ; flexibleness is the cardinal property of diary. Persistence- it is a uninterrupted force per unit area, careless troubles. It is really of import to maintain with a work despite the complexness of it.Brooding study on CPSOn the 1st twelvemonth in university pupils had to present a group presentation for PPD[ 1 ]category. Students had to fix concern presentation alas promotional run, to inform and carry the young person from borough of Greenwich to take a portion as voluntaries in London 2012. The command was ?1m contract, so pupils had to come up with a really good run program. This was a great squad exercising ; although, tonss of difficult work had to be input. This is a brooding study on originative job work outing while fixing this presentation. It is identified that larning through the contemplation is more powerful if there is an apprehension of models which helps to construction and steer the act of contemplation. There are many different theoretical accounts to utilize as a model for reflection- Kolb ‘s learning rhythm ( Appendix 1 ) , Gibb ‘s rhythm ( Appendix 2 ) etc ; there is no incorrect or right theoretical account, the key is to take one which feels the most comfy and best aids in larning from ain experiences. For this work pupil decided to utilize Jasper ‘s ( Jasper 2003 ) theoretical account ( Appendix 3 ) which is further clarifying of Gibb ‘s rhythm into simple phases.Phase one:Description of the event Students were fixing presentation over 2 month. On hebdomad get downing on 10th January 2011, pupils had a briefing on the Olympic Jobs Team Exercise every bit good as category argument. Briefing ‘s intent was to fix pupils for squad presentation and to guarantee pupils understand the demands and purposes of the squads exercise. At this point groups were established and pupils could travel over the briefing sheet for Olympic Jobs squad exercising. First, groups had to come up with a name for their squad and allocate squad members to different positions- Finance, Human Resources, Selling and Operational directors. Although, it seems really simple, it was non. Everyone had different thoughts and members spent most of the clip debating and brainstorming. The group decided to utilize creativeness tools such as: Get downing with known values- journaling ( Appendix 4 ) Geting other points of view- ocular thought Non-linear thinking- brainstorming ( Appendix 5 ) , ( Scholtes et al 2003 ) . As a consequence group came up with a name TFH which stands for Take your Future in your Handss and functions were allocated. Because there were merely three members in this group, Operational director ‘s function were decided to divide between all three of them. Group decided to hold five meetings ( Appendix 6 ) and scheduled them on Tuesdays as it was most convenient for everyone.Phase two:Feelingss The job ( exercising ) was given but pupil struggled to specify it as without specifying, job can non be solved. Student was experiencing unconfident because remainder of the group seemed to pick up on exercising. With a aid from other group members student managed clearly to place job and could get down bring forth possible solutions. After specifying job pupil felt rather confident and actively joined group meetings and came up with some really good thoughts. Since pupil is good organised, she was the 1 who kept diaries and it made her proud. In wide footings, people who feel confident about what they are making, can give a higher public presentation.Phase three:Evaluation Using earlier agreed creativeness tools pupils learned to develop their imaginativeness and CPS[ 2 ]accomplishments. These accomplishments are movable accomplishments, which can be used besides in personal and work life. Brainstorming helped members of group to work as a squad and really bask the clip spent together. Besides, utilizing ocular thought tool, pupils realised that they really enjoy pulling, utilizing color codifications etc.Phase four:Analysis In general, preparing of the presentation went really good. Comparing with old presentation[ 3 ], which was more about squad functions and less about creativeness, this one was more restful, group members realised their potencies thanks to CPS. Students did non realised how their assurance had grown and that they really enjoy showing their thoughts about solutions to the challenges ( Frigard 2008 ) .Phase five:Decision Overall, fixing and presenting presentation could be described as a difficult work and much of merriment. Teamwork is ne'er easy because of different people coming together and seeking to happen optimum solution to the job. In this instance CPS encouraged squad members think otherwise, â€Å" out of the box † . Rewarded grade is the best contemplation on presentation and it was high- 85 % ( Appendix 7 ) ; of class, there were some minor errors during the procedure and existent presentation, but pupils learned a batch.Phase six:Action program Looking back at the procedure of creative activity, it went good and likely pupil would utilize the same CPS tools once more if the similar undertaking came up once more. After this undertaking, pupil completed Self-evaluation of Creativity trial and scored rather high- 92points ( Appendix 8 ) .Contemplation on PPD presentationThis is a contemplation on PPD presentation ( Appendix 9 ) , based on Jasper ‘s ( Jasper 2003 ) theoretical account of the Gibbs rhythm. Students received an assignment to present power point presentation about promotional run for Olympics 2012 volunteering occupations for young person. Groups were self selected and this group consisted of three people: Ieva, Tom and Denis. The group had to research information on volunteering undertakings and occupations offered, and measure the best possible ways to choose the right campaigners for the occupations. They besides had to fix a selling run and measure the resources to procure a positive action program. Ieva was working on the HR side of the undertaking, she had to research occupation chances, fix the enlisting program and preparation and development plans. Tom was making Marketing side of the undertaking fixing promotional run. Denis was responsible for fiscal side of work, he prepared the fiscal program. The whole group invested every bit in operational side of run. The pupils used PowerPoint to present the presentation. Ieva opened the presentation with a brief debut about the company and so moved on to the enlisting program. It was a great challenge for her as she has ne'er felt confident speaking in forepart of group of people. Tom delivered really convincing promotional run ; he covered all the necessary stairss for a professional and sophisticated selling program. Denis delivered a really good prepared fiscal program for the undertaking, which was an of import portion of the successful run when command for the ?1m undertaking. Ieva felt rather confident about this undertaking, the group had spent a batch of clip on it and everyone was working hard. However, this was 2nd group presentation in this twelvemonth, so they knew, they would be marked stricter, the coach will anticipate pupils to larn from the old errors. Overall this was a really good squad exercising, which tested in deepness the strength and failings of each squad member and gave them new get downing points and infinite for betterments. Based on the coach ‘s feedback, the presentation went instead good. Students emphasised their professional attack by have oning smart frock ; showing mode and the use of PowerPoint was really good. As per coach ‘s feedback, there was merely little unfavorable judgment on deficiency of press releases, which would hold been utile. All in all pupils were really satisfied as they achieved a grade of 85 % . The work and clip invested in this undertaking had been paid back. Looking back to the readying procedure and the work load that was used, the group all believe that – following clip they will near the undertaking with the same bravery as this one and they would take into history all the errors that they made and unfavorable judgment received from coach and other pupils.Understanding â€Å" millennials † and Generation YGeneration Y is a label for people who were born between early 80s and early 90s, following coevals X.A Quite frequently members of Generation Y are referred to as â€Å" echo boomers † , for being kids of parents born during so called babe roar, or Following Generation, Millenials Internet Generation etc. One of the chief features of Generation Y members is the deep cognition of modern communications and digital engineerings, so in response to it employers have to update their hiring scheme to incorporate modern-day signifiers and usage of these engineerings. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessdictionary .com/definition/Generation-Y.html. After reading the Generation Y article ( W. Stanton Smith, 28 October 2009 ) ( Appendix 10 ) , pupil summarised four chief statements: Non- traditional household unit makes up the bulk of families Flexibility and alteration of career is a demand Workers are reconsidering the function of the work in their lives Three things which left the immense impact on the Generation Y life doctrine are engineerings, attack towards concern, consumer ‘s attitude. There is grounds demoing that alternatively of 60 % in the 50s, nowadays merely 17 % of families run into the definition of traditional, but it should be kept in head that in today ‘s footings it is an arguably narrow definition. That means that there is a demand for more flexibleness in nowadays work-life issues than it was earlier. There is a stereotype about adult females and their function within a household. For 100s of old ages their function was homemaker and female parent ( Cheal 2008 ) , adult females premier duties have been looking after house, kids and taking attention of hubby ‘s well-being. Another stereotype is that the biggest part of families ‘ income is brought in by work forces ( Rapoport et al 1978 ) . Even today adult females are expected to go on to hold a chief responsibility for child care and eldercare, but because of increasing Numberss of female alumnuss, there is a demand for customisation of career and general flexibleness in work. Along, with all the alterations within the household, the traditional corporate theoretical account is altering every bit good. Not merely are female parents concentrating on their work they are besides concentrating on their households, male parents are keener to pass more clip with their kids ; they want to take a portion in their upbringing. As a effect, the traditional corporate ladder is giving topographic point to a corporate lattice theoretical account where the sum and celerity of work can be diverged depending on the life style. Generation Y is a coevals of engineerings, therefore it is taking computing machines, electronic mails, nomadic phones and suchlike for granted ( Savage and Collins-Mayo 2006 ) , which wholly changes how members of this coevals view the universe every bit good as brings an changes within the labour market. Research on Generation Y assumes that consumers of this coevals are all likewise, but this coevals includes 15-32 twelvemonth olds, so their behavior as consumers will be different ( Benckendorff et al 2010 ) . However, this coevals has been raised to be consumers who question value and demand high quality and therefore, it is apprehensible that they carry these outlooks with them everyplace, including callings. Paul Redmond[ 4 ]has said that this combination of influences ( engineering, attitudes towards the concern and a consumer mentality ) , had created really confident and commercial coevals, members of which are success driven, fed up with everyday and are ready to go forth work if employer does n't react their values and concerns ( hypertext transfer protocol: //business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/career_and_jobs/recruiter_forum/article4275460.ece ) . Overall there is valuable information for recruiters whose connotation is to pull the top new alumnuss and non entirely. In general pupil agrees with the article as it is really realistically written and most of the facts are backed up with grounds.Brooding study on PDCAs a portion of PPD class, pupil had to take a challenge anterior pupil ‘s personal and professional development advancement. Conferences present legion possibilities for pupils. They find out about new developments in the field, can web with co-workers, and do indispensable contacts etc ( Curtis 2002 ) , so pupil decided to go to the conference when the chance came frontward.Phase one:Description of the event It was three yearss event, taking topographic point on March 21st-24th in Great Connought Rooms ( Appendix 11 ) locale, in London. Events name was International SAP Conference for Financial Services 2011. Because pupil plants within conference industry, on the first twenty-four hours of conference she had to execute work responsibilities, stake on 2nd twenty-four hours ( Appendix 12 ) she was given an chance to take part in the conference. Besides the professional involvement in conference[ 5 ], pupil was peculiarly interested in some of the cardinal talkers and their presentations as it was relevant to her concern surveies. Because of the planetary recognition crunch, a rather few presentation were contributed towards after-crunch period and redresss for European states to utilize. Another peculiar involvement in go toing this conference for pupil was presentations. As this is the pupils weakest nexus, it was really good experience to watch professionals to give presentations and me asure those. During the breaks pupil had an chance to run into concern people from around the universe, talk with them and hear their positions on current and future state of affairs in concerns.Phase two:Feelingss Because of the magnitude of the event and large concern figures go toing, pupil was afraid that result from go toing event will non be really good. However, after first two presentations pupil realised that subjects of presentations were really interesting, presentations themselves were great and she gained assurance, because she knew that she will be able to fall in conversations about it. Because pupil did non hold a clip to fix for the conference, she missed out the workshops which she did non experience good about. However, fall ining conversations during interruptions, she felt confident and even involved herself in one of the arguments. Looking back at the event, it was a great new experience which will assist her with her personal and professional development.Phase three:Evaluation By and large talking, event was successful for its intent. For pupil ‘s acquisition purposes the most relevant portion was forenoon session ( Appendix 13 ) . Even these presentations were more aslant towards the new SAP engineerings inventions in banking systems, there was batch about economic growing and falls and how to cover with it. Particularly Prof. Dr Hans-Gert Penzel ‘s presentation was in involvement because of movable cognition about fiscal crisis and economic sciences growing slope[ 6 ]. In the center of this presentation it was disturbed by fire dismay and everybody had to go forth the edifice. There was non echt fire but it still took clip for fire brigade to come and look into. Nevertheless the presentation was disturbed, Mr Penzel used it as an illustration, he adapted state of affairs to the concern scene and turned the perturbation into utile tool.Phase four:Analysis Event was split into four chief parts: two forenoon Sessionss, from which foremost was devoted to general information about SAP engineerings and how it may assist to better concerns and fiscal crisis ; 2nd forenoon session was about SAP systems transmutation and invention in banking, current Sap clients were sharing their experience about utilizing SAP engineerings. After 2nd forenoon session was tiffin, pupil had an chance to speak to attendants while basking lovely nutrient. There was besides clip for researching exhibition, which was largely devoted to banking engineerings, but it was a good for networking and looking for new chances. After tiffin other SAP clients continued to speak about advantages of SAP systems. Afternoon interruption was followed by really interesting presentation given by Mr Andy Hirst, Senior Director Industry Marketing for SAP. It was about concern analytics, new developments and the best pattern attacks. Then two more presentations from SAP clients and sh uting remarks from the Chairman of the SAP.Phase five:Decision Overall the result of the event was successful, pupil learnt a batch. The biggest part from this event towards pupil ‘s acquisition development was tonss of different presentations. One of the grounds why pupil does non experience confident making presentations, is that English is non her first linguistic communication and she is afraid to do errors, although she is ever lending a batch during the originative procedure. Because a half of the talkers at the conference were non-native English talkers, it was valuable experience to see them on the phase. Although, they are professionals and likely giving presentations on at least hebdomadal footing, some of them still made minor errors, but that did non halt them to transport on. It was valuable lesson for pupil, carry on, despite the errors, be able to rectify herself and after travel on with presentation.Phase six:Action program As this was the last minute call, pupil did non hold a clip to fix herself for the conference, so if the similar event encountered once more, she would seek to make some research before go toing it, which would give her more assurance and would give an chance successfully take part in workshops, which she missed out this clip due to the deficiency of cognition and as a consequence- assurance.Contemplation on Class DebateArgument is practically an statement, a constructive treatment which allows everyone to fall in in with their positions and sentiments. Debate is an of import portion of larning procedure, it helps to understand argumentative schemes and expect the responses from opposite squads ( Lyon 2008 ) .Phase one:Description of the event Students had to set on docket to hold a category argument. Topic was about the world Television consequence on society. It seemed that everyone had their sentiment, and this is when it all went incorrect. The best word to depict it is chaos. Students were non debating ; they were quibbling about their sentiments on the format of the argument. Rules of the argument were non followed and as a consequence argument turned into coarse statement with some pupils being peculiarly chesty and violative.Phase two:Feelingss Student felt confused at first, she did non anticipate grown up people to be so superior and cocksure which was on the border with unfastened discourtesy.Phase three:Evaluation This was group ‘s first argument, but pupils were informed about regulations of argument etc. However, it turned into het difference, pupils were cutting off each other and in general it was a one large catastrophe.Phase four:Analysis It all went so incorrect that there is no manner to interrupt this event into constituent parts and analyse. Students did non follow regulations and phases of argument, they were ill prepared. There was no logical way and argument turned out to be wholly useless.Phase five:Decision It is truly difficult to happen a good thing to state about this argument, as it went so incorrect. However, people learn from their experience, and bad experience in larning procedure is every bit utile or sometimes even more utile as a good one.Phase six:Action program If there will be other arguments in the category, pupil will fix herself better beforehand and will suggest to hold short meeting before the argument, so pupils could hold on regulations and seek to command their self-importances. Appendix

To what extent can you consider the Arab World culture to be one Essay

To what extent can you consider the Arab World culture to be one singular culture - Essay Example Literature review is used in order to present important normative information on the Arab countries to which this study refers. On the other hand, the literature helps to identify the views of theorists regarding the characteristics and the importance of culture as part of a country’s social framework. Culture is an important part of a country’s history; in fact, culture reflects the development of a country’s social and political life. Through the decades, the changes on a country’s culture can be explained using the ‘social comparison’ theory; this theory is based on the assumption that every individual is likely ‘to use others to make sense of himself and his social world’ (Guimond, 2006, 15); in accordance with Singerman et al. (2006) ‘culture can be seen as a kind of soft power spreading the image and influence of the state beyond its borders among the peoples of other nations’ (Singerman et al., 2006, 157). At the next level, it is noted that the development of culture across a country – but also across a greater region – can be achieved using a series of different tools/ paths, like ‘media products, educational infrastructure and models of economic development and modernization’ (Singerma n et al., 2006, 157). The culture of Arab countries can be explained by referring primarily to the characteristics of Arab culture as an indication of a specific way of life; indeed, in the study of Moran et al. (2007, 316) it is noted that the term ‘Arab’ is mainly related with a specific way of life – the nomadic way of life; through the decades, the term has been used in order to refer to the culture of people living in Middle East; however, it is made clear that not all people living in this area have the same cultural characteristics mostly because today Arab is considered to be related with

Reflection assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection assignment - Essay Example The basic introduction in unit I was perfect since it forms a stepping stone to unit II that involved research. At this point it, the knowledge acquired in unit I help in determining and drafting the requirements of Unit II. Therefore, it is worth noting that Unit I improved my critical thinking that led me to effective selection of research topic. Despite looking into varied areas to research on, my concerns were on the topic that was of the public concern and interest. Hence, I decided to settle on effects on smoking to the all involved parties including first hand smokers, second hand or perceive smokers, families of smoker, and the society. My concern in this step was whether my research question will be approved or not. Fortunately, it was approved and the task afterwards was to carry out relevant and thorough research on the selected topic. The Unit III and IV were good ventures in teaching and perfecting both research and writing skills. Moreover, from these units, I learned h ow to search for resources in completing my work. Different resources are usually available for every research topic, but the most important thing is to select resources that will help in accomplishing or answering research questions effectively. Therefore, the book or article reviews that were learnt in this class are effective and necessary research tools that this class offered me. Moreover, different examples that were used during these class sessions were directly productive in compiling all the relevant materials in writing the final paper as per Unit IV. Additionally, the peer review section or the Unit III is a good unit since it leads to appreciation of other people’s work. It also makes students to learn from each other. The unit gave me an opportunity to know what other students’ interests were and how they intended to contribute to their topics towards answering the research questions. Moreover, the unit also helped me to understand and appreciate other peo ple’s work on my research topic and helped to determine how I would complete my assignment using their contributions on my topic area. The translation project was a perfect lesion that taught me how to read and comprehend. Comprehending other people’s ideas in any form usually leads to deeper understanding to their contributions. After understanding the same, it becomes easier to use their ideas in different ways to achieve certain goals or towards answering question involved around such understanding. For instance, the translation project that led to the understanding of each student’s topic area made use (students) to provide different translation of each student’s topic or research question. Additionally, translation topic helped to paraphrase other people’s work as I appreciate their contribution to their work. The translational topic also made me to appreciate other students and helped know that people have different personalities. For instanc e, some students have same concerned but presented them in different and varied way. This really opened mind and since then I have remained opened minded never to look or consider a problem or solution on only one end buy giving the same different understandings. Finally, it is worth noting that Unit IV is the most vital for all other lower Units since all other units are based on completing Unit IV effectively and qualitatively. This topic unit led

Audit Engagement letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Audit Engagement letter - Essay Example The key objectives of the audit scope are to analyze whether your consolidated financial statements are true and fair, in all material respect, in line with the provisions of International Accounting Standards. The firm will conduct the audit process in line with the guidelines stated in the International Audit Standards. This will include all recommended tests on accounting records, as well as other procedures we consider necessary to facilitate us in expressing an opinion. If the opinion turns out to be something different other than unqualified, we will immediately notify your company and discuss the reasons in advance. In case we are unable to complete the audit within the stated period of 1.5 months, or have difficulties in expressing the opinion within the stated duration, we may decline to express any opinion or to issue an audit report as a result of this letter. Audit Engagement Checklist Section 1. Auditor’s Report With Regard To Auditor’s Report 2. Audit Proc edures 1. In Reference To Clients Acceptance 2. In Reference To Clients Understanding 3. In Reference To Audit Planning 4. In Reference To Fraud and Errors Considerations 5. In Reference To Internal Control Risks 6. In Reference To Work Done By Other Auditors 7. In Reference To Specialists If Used 8. In Reference To Audit Programs 9. In Reference To Audit Sampling 10. In Reference To Analytical Procedures 11. In Reference To Related Party Transactions 12. In Reference To Illegal Acts 13. In Reference To Audit Documentation 3. Working Papers 1. Significant Audit Areas 2. Cash 3. Receivables 4. Payables 5. Inventories 6. Assets 7. Liabilities 8. Business Consolidations and Combinations 4. Functional Areas 1. Human Resources 2. Key Ethical Requirements 3. Engagement Performance 5. Conclusion (Gupta, 2004. p. 44) The procedures will encompass examination of documentary evidence backing the transactions in the financial statements, physical examinations of assets, direct confirmation of payables and receivables. We will also randomly contact different customers, both creditors and debtors in reference to different assets and liabilities to provide evidence all transactions. The company will also request your company to provide written presentations from your attorneys as a section of the engagement. As we approach the end of the audit assignment, we will need different written presentations from your company about financial statements as well as other related matters (Ron and Rosario, 2007, p. 26). An audit entails testing, on an examination basis, disclosure of the financial statements, and evidence supporting the amounts. Therefore, the audit will entail judgment on the number of transactions to be tested and the target areas. We will also plan and perform the audit to attain reasonable assurance on whether the financial records are free from material misstatements and misrepresentations. This is because an audit avail reasonable assurance, and not absolute assur ance. Obtaining absolute assurance may be expensive and consuming. This is because it involves examining all transactions; it also exposes the task to material errors, which makes it difficult to detect frauds and other deliberate misrepresentations. Another reason why absolute assurance is unnecessary is because the scope does not aim at immaterial errors, illegal acts, and frauds that do not have any material change on the accounting records. This proves that the service cannot be relied on to expose errors

Damage awards should be capped for product liability suits Research Paper

Damage awards should be capped for product liability suits - Research Paper Example This implies that if consumers are injured or suffer because of a product they purchase and use, they should possess a defective products claims. One of the key aspects of a product liability claim is determining the amount and the type of damages that a consumer suffers after using a product. Due to the complexity of determining the compensation, it is imperative for consumers to estimate their damages up front. For instance, if the consumer suffers minor injuries and the financial losses incurred are insignificant, then it implies that it is unnecessary to initiate a claim. In the same way, consumers who suffer fewer damages have a less chance of finding a lawyer as compared to those who incur significant damages. Customers who suffer significant damages are advised to catalog and list the damages at the beginning of their lawsuit (Kinzie and Mark 21). The responsibility for a defective product lies with a manufacturer or anyone who supplied the product. On the part of the manufacturer, he is responsible for producing the product that causes damage to the consumer. In the same way, the initial design of the product may be of poor quality, thus resulting to the defects during the production process. Additionally, poor marketing by the manufacturer, making of misleading claims and lack of providing the correct information regarding the product makes the manufacturer to be responsible for a defective product. Once the products are distributed from the manufacturer to the retailers, the retailer can also be held responsible. It is important to note that if a manufacturer is no longer operating his or her business or it becomes difficult to identify the source of a defective product held by a retailer, consumers can seek for compensation from the retailers. This implies that all the members of the distribution channel have an obligatio n of ensuring that products they handle are safe (Moore and Michael 26). Despite that consumers are the major

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminology - Essay Example The disorder can be found in children as a conduct disorder, which can accelerate and grow into antisocial personality disorder. Psychopathy and sociopathy are associated terms with this disorder. Characteristics of this disorder are a persistent and repeating pattern of disregard for others and the public norms. In addition, there are expanded criteria to this statement such as: aggressiveness, lack of remorse in an act against another, deception, failure to comply to social norms, etc (American Psychological Association, 2000). There is some disagreement upon the classifications of this disorder. In particular, there is some discrepancy that exists between the APA, American Psychological Association, and the WHO, World Health Organization. The criteria for the APA classification for antisocial personality disorder are stated above. The WHO defines the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder has mostly the same criteria as the APA classification, however it eliminates the progression of a conduct disorder to antisocial disorder, which is one of the main criteria’s in the APA diagnosis. There are not any effective treatments for antisocial personality disorder.

Nursing Science in Research and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Science in Research and Practice - Essay Example M., 2002). Evidence-based science is needed to be integrated into the nursing practice to meet the nursing roles of 21st century standards. By evidence-based practice, it is meant that these are proven ways to diagnose and treat patients based on rigorous evidence from contemporary science that may include not only theoretical perspectives, also practice perspectives. By practice perspectives, it is intended to mean studies that elucidate the clinical effectiveness of a particular practice. Authors have also defined it as application of best available empirical evidence that applies recent research findings to clinical practice so it may come into assistance of the clinical decision making of the nurse. To move into the 21st century, the nurses need to base their clinical practice on such empirical evidence to optimize outcomes of clients, to provide safe and accountable practice within the ethical realm, to ensure cost-effective practice on the face of resource constraints, and by these, to e nhance credibility of the profession (Litchfield, M., 1999). When the question of roles that nurses need to play to be able to efficiently do this arises, the answer is simple. They need to fill the gap between research findings and their implementation in their practice. In practice the academic structure for the basic nursing training should be oriented in such a manner that they can overcome the currently observed difficulty in synthesizing empirical and contextual evidence in order to integrate evidence-based changes into practice. Thus, their role should increasingly demonstrate skills and resourcefulness to appraise, synthesize, and implement best evidence into practice. This indicates an organized drift from the established knowledge and practice, and the nurses need to assume the dual role of a practitioner and a researcher. The science of nursing knowledge is a same scholarly investigative process that attempts to find out the factors that cause a change in the phenomenon. Thus, they should accept a practice activity that has been substantiated as predicting valid and reliable outcomes for their clients. This could only be done through establishment of a new body of knowledge confirmed by numerous research efforts and implementation of change in conventional practice based on that knowledge (Rogers, M. E., 1970). The integration of nursing practice should happen with strong rigorous empiric evidence, and such practice is always underpinned by nursing theory and science. The 21st Century nurses, thus would practice a systematic way of knowing that allows them to understand, predict, and explain the outcomes of their practice that is desired to help clients. It is important to note that now, the knowledge is being generated as a rapid pace, and they must adjust to this speed where they are able to understand and articulate clearly the theoretical bases of their discipline, both past and present. With a scholarship only, they can diagnose

Knowing a foreign language means much more than knowing words and the Essay

Knowing a foreign language means much more than knowing words and the rules to combine them - Essay Example Knowing a foreign language means much more than knowing words and the rules to combine them Since I know that words and grammar alone would not be necessary, I would have to find out the exact meanings behind what I intend saying or communicating. This is because people will look up to me when I make use of the foreign language. Then again, my comprehension is such that the context receives more significance because it is something that shall put words into proper play (Bissell 1989). It will teach me where to use what and how to make things work as far as my communication domains with a foreign language is related. I will master such concerns easily when I exactly know where I am lacking and what efforts I am making to reach the intended destination. My plan is to have as less mistakes as possible so that my concentration is based on solid footing. It will allow me to experience my own nuances and comprehend things that are significant from second language adoption mechanisms. I am confident that my plan shall see the light of the day if I remain headstrong and consistent because learning a foreign language is always seen as a difficult task. Many people have avoided such a realm within their fore and my learning would not be taken as an exception. Then again, I will give my best to make sure that my plan meets success. What is even more pivotal is the fact that I shall learn new things along the way, which on any given day is a positive for me. I am supremely confident of my abilities and skills as this is the reason why I am consistently moving ahead. Even though it is always a good sign to know the rules of the foreign language, the fact of the matter is that learning a new language requires patience, empathy and understanding by all concerned, and not just the learner himself. Some believe that it is an easier task than people think it to be, this is not reality in the sheerest sense. The need is to find out how people adapt towards learning a new language which is foreign more than anything else. I will make sure within my plan to remain as clos e to the context as possible because this is something that will win me favors anytime. If I remain stuck on to the contextual details, my learning of the foreign language will be done easier (Kelm 2003). But if I lose track somehow, there would be a number of problems as far as learning is related. It will make me feel disjointed with the foreign language that I am trying my best to master. I will do everything within my grasp to comprehend the rules and dictum that this new language brings and try to relate the same with what I have learned within other languages in the past. For me, the foreign language will not only be a language but also a way of life, a different cultural manifestation that I shall get to know within the future. I am certain that this will go a long way in detailing what is deemed as my strength and what shall remain as something that I have still to gather in the coming times. As far as my particular emphasis is concerned, I will focus on getting on to the co ntext more than mere grammar and spellings. I will also give secondary importance to sentence structure but what would remain quintessential is how I shall take up the context under which the foreign language is being learnt. I will follow up my plan by being vigilant and focusing more on what I need to learn along the way. This will mean that I shall derive support and encouragement from the people who already know the foreign langu

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay The texts, Frankenstein and Blade Runner reflect changing contextual values; however the treatment of content remains the same. Mary Shelley’s didactic Frankenstein published in 1818 centres on scientific advancement of the Industrial Revolution, as presented through a consolidation of Gothic and Romantic elements in response to the shifting paradigms of the Enlightenment Age. Similarly, Blade Runner directed by Ridley Scott in 1982, transforms the notions of Frankenstein to position its postmodern audience to consider the negative ramifications of the Cold War and the rise of capitalism. These contextual ideas will be explored through the thematic concerns pertaining specifically to the destructive potential of abusing scientific power, the flawed responsibility of man as creator and the nature of humanity. Indeed, Blade Runner is a realisation of the sublime warnings highlighted by Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818. Destructive potential of abusing scientific power Frankenstein highlights the destructive potential of abusing science through overpowering human morality and provoking irresponsibility. The 18th Century Age of Enlightenment was a social movement where logic and reason was advocated as the primary source of authority, characterised by scientific advancements such as Galvani’s concept of electricity as a reanimating force and theorists such as Erasmus Darwin. Hence, Walton’s metaphor, influenced by Age of Enlightenment, â€Å"What may not be expected in a country of eternal light? † is mantric for both Walton and Frankenstein who display a â€Å"thirst for knowledge† in their respective scientific quests. The metaphor and symbol of â€Å"eternal light† represents the mysteries the pair wish to uncover and accompanied with rhetorical question it reflects the optimism of society embracing the Age of Enlightenment. However, the irrevocable consequences of abusing scientific power is highlighted when Frankenstein says, â€Å"â€Å"All my speculations and hopes are as nothing, and like the archangel who aspired to omnipotence, I am chained to an eternal hell. † as he is tormented by the â€Å"filthy daemon† he creates; a monster â€Å"even Dante could not have conceived. The allusions to John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Dante Alighieri’s Inferno through metaphor and simile emphasises the destructive potential of abusing scientific power as Frankenstein’s environment decays into hell. This caution of the destructive potential of abusing science is realised in Blade Runner through Scott’s mise-en-scene of the dystopian urban wasteland of 2019 Los Angeles, emphasising the destruction of the natural environment as a result of the Cold War’s nuclear threat and rise of consumerism. In the opening sequence, the slow-panning panorama shot, under chiaroscuro lighting, captures a hellish megalopolis with huge smokestacks spewing fire into the atmosphere and large pagan corporate edifices towering over the city. This disorienting imagery is coalesced with violent, non-diegetic sounds and visuals of constant rain, symbolizing concerns of acidic rain and the burning of the environment. Hence, Scott’s utilization of futuristic â€Å"film noir† cinematography establishes a grim, claustrophobic environment that is completely devoid of the natural world. By depicting such dystopia and understanding contextual concerns such as the capitalist deregulation and the ‘trickle down’ theory of Reagan’s era, Scott applies Shelley’s â€Å"Promethean† motif to caution viewers about the potential environmental dangers of abusing modern technology and nuclear warfare, which were widespread social concerns at the time due to the climax of the Cold War. Flawed responsibility of men as creator Frankenstein highlights how unrestrained science undermines man’s responsibility as creator. Shelley’s era was a time of religious revival where philosophers such as Kierkegaard asserted spirituality was more than â€Å"objective appearance† and demanded engagement. In both texts, several biblical allusions are made to the image of man usurping the title of â€Å"creator† and creation becoming the forsaken â€Å"fallen angel. † Hence Victor’s Godly damnation reflects man as illegitimate to play the role of God: â€Å"Wretched devil! You reproach me with your creation; come on, then, may I extinguish the spark which I so negligently bestowed. Through the emotive biblical language and poetic allusion to â€Å"Milton’s Paradise Lost†, Shelley evokes the retelling of Satan’s fall from grace, where the monster’s likeness to the â€Å"fallen angel,† exacerbates the notion that man, corrupted by the moral insensitivity of science, is flawed as creator. Moreover, the â€Å"spark† alludes to the â€Å"eternal light† which irresponsibly leads to the immoral creation of a monster that is both extravagant and aberrant. This is illustrated by the graphic imagery of the monster’s impurity such as â€Å"skin arely covered† and â€Å"yellow eye† alongside the creature’s painful personal recollections through direct use of the first person, â€Å"I was a poor, helpless, miserable wretch. I knew, and could distinguish, nothing; but feeling pain invade me on all sides. † Hence, Shelley highlights to readers in the Enlightenment period that innate selfishness of men corrupts the moral grounding of scientific pursuit rendering man as illegitimate to play the role of God. The issue of mankind as selfish creators, disengaged from institutionalized structures such as Christendom, is extended in Blade Runner in the â€Å"meeting of the maker’ scene. Tyrell ruthlessly exploits his economic power by separating himself from the decaying dystopia of Los Angeles. Tyrell’s fundamentally flawed intentions are personified in the Tyrell Corporation’s edifice of a Grandiose, Mayan style pyramid physically exerting a powerful dominance over the city. It is presented through an upward panning low angle shot, spliced with close up shots to reinforce the dominance of consumerist progress in dystopia. The pyramid’s historical association with Egyptian royalty links them with the divine, typifying Tyrell’s ‘God-like’ role as creator. This is reinforced in Tyrell’s costuming of white clothing amidst long shots of a candle-lit church atmosphere, typifying his glorified religious status. Moreover the low-angle shots of the ‘artificial owl’ with dark shadows emphasises the extent to which the natural environment has been artificially remodeled due to the rise of consumerism in the 1980s. Hence, the dehumanised portray of Victor Frankenstein and Tyrell demonstrates that despite differering contexts, science leads to an abandonment of moral responsibility and man is flawed as creator. What constitutes humanity in an individual Frankenstein highlights the true nature of humanity as influenced by the 18th Century Romantic Movement. The 18th Century Romantic Movement was a social reaction against the 18th Century Age of Enlightenment, characterised by stressing the beauty of the natural world and emotional feeling. The natural world’s splendour is highlighted as Frankenstein flees to Mont Blanc for conciliatory peace away from his torment. â€Å"The unstained snowy mountain-top, the glittering pinnacle †¦ the eagle soaring amidst the clouds. † The Romantic and emotive language, imagery and allusion to Edmund Burke’s On the Sublime and the Beautiful portrays the beauty of the natural world, free from destructive science. Further humanity’s emotions are romanticised through the benevolent portrayal of the Monster. â€Å"No father had watched my infant days; no mother had blessed me with smiles and caresses†¦ What was I? † Through the combination of emotive language, a personal tone created through the personal pronoun â€Å"I† and a rhetorical question to question what constitutes humanity within a being, Shelley transcends the Gothic stereotype typically bestowed upon a monster to emphasise the monster’s human longings for parental love and companionship. Hence, as the Romantic Movement and its fascination with the sublimity of nature, was being overcome by the strict rationality of the Age of Enlightenment, Shelley foreworns of the destruction of the magnificence of humanity, both in the natural world and in human emotions, as a result of rampant science and irresponsibility. Similarly, the â€Å"more human than human† portrayal of Roy in Blade Runner also highlights our mistreatment of scientific creations as artificial commodities, blurring the distinction between humans and products of artificial intelligence. In the final scene, Scott uses a close-up shot at Roy’s nailed hands, literally portraying him as a Christ-like figure, as he is enslaved and morally detached from humanity from the goals of â€Å"commerce†. The condescending aphorism in Tyrell’s comment at Roy’s desperate cry for life, â€Å"the light that burns half as long, burns twice as bright† alludes to the â€Å"eternal light† in Frankenstein’s Age of Reason and its effects on humanity’s disregard for the human consequences of its actions. Hence Roy asserts â€Å"I’ve seen things you people wouldn’t believe†, which reflects about his personal, human pain and suffering as a result of the commoditised world. Furthermore, a close up of Roy, alongside the pure white background creates a cathartic moment as Roy becomes ‘the fallen angel’, magnanimously giving life to Deckard and instilling human qualities within him. It is through illustrating Roy’s sensitivity that Scott ‘appropriates’ Shelley’s dilemma of what constitutes humanity within any being, questioning the morality of the technology-dependent audience of the 1980s; as they take scientific creations for granted. Hence after suffering and succumbing to brutal dehumanisation, both Replicant and Beast have emotively evoked pathos and senses of profound solemnity. Ultimately, both Frankenstein and Blade Runner are products of their cultural milieu and forewarn us of the destructive potential of abusing science, illegitimately playing the role of God and the values of humanity that degrade our morality and responsibility. More subliminally, however, each text embodies the moral limitations of being human through the oppressive nature of scientific and technological advancement.

Earls Top 5 Filipino Traits Essay Example for Free

Earls Top 5 Filipino Traits Essay 1. Adept Filipinos are very flexible at surging any difficulty and hardship 2. Craftsmanship Filipinos are very crafty 3. Obsessive Filipinos wish to improve their lives and those around them and are willing to go through great hardships and efforts, but dont always know when to stop or how to balance it all. 4. Mimicry Filipinos tend to copy or gain that which others have. In this respect, thats why you see groups of Filipinos in foreign countries that are so similar (like in LA every Filipino seems to have a piano at home that no one buys, or in Japan every Filipino on a military base seems to own rose wood. But if they move to a new group, then they easily wish to change and copy the new styles. Kind of like following a fad. 5. Short memories No I dont mean their dumb or something, I mean they forget the past or let go of the past easier. They dont hold grudges quite so bad. Filipinos are not more family oriented than in other cultures, but what makes them Filipinos is they think they are. No offense. But many people have strong relations with their families. I lived in a home for six months and had to listen to my Brother in law tell me how family oriented they are as he yells at his father, and puts down his dead mother. I watched as just about every male member of the family had girlfriends, and the wives knew and ran those girls out of town when they got pregnant. I watched families that lived across the street visit each other once a year. I had a Filipino tell me that my daughter (half Filipino isnt Filipino enough to live in his house with my 2nd wife for a short time). So in any respect, Im not say they are less family oriented, but that we all have our issues with getting along, and Filipinos are no more family oriented than other cultures. This is according to the yahoo answers dot com. Well I agree with these because most of the Filipinos come from poor families and they can survive any trials becsuse they are already used to it. They are already down, so they on;y way to go is up. In the Philippines the most common thing that is talked about is the government. This is because this is the largest contributor of the poverty in the Philippines.

Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in Different Environments

Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in Different Environments Most confinement studies have focused on the effects of freezing and melting pure liquids like water, hydrogen and helium; inert gases and organic liquids in nanoscale pores. Thus, many studies have shown that melting points and enthalpies of fusion in nanoscale crystals can differ significantly from their bulk scale counterparts. It has been shown (Christenson H.K., 2001) that melting points decrease in crystalline solids embedded within nanoporous matrices and melting point depression becomes more significant with decreasing size of pore. However, the confinement has other less known effects that will be discussed in this report. The study of biominerals shows that many biological reactions take place in specific spaces which can provide a structural and chemical environment that enables the controlled formation of crystals. The formation of biominerals in these specific volumes assigns them certain characteristics which would change if the growth environment changed. This kind of organization suggests that there should be similar systems which are available and exploitable in synthetic materials chemistry. Some studies have focused on these changes and have attempted to confine compounds such as calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate. These studies have been conducted in synthetics systems to observe the differences on their crystallization in confinement and in bulk solutions. The results obtained in these studies are discussed in this report. There have been numerous investigations into the precipitation of calcium carbonate in different confined environments. For example, it has been grown within regular arrays of picoliter droplets created on patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) (Stephens, C. J., et al. 2011). Figure 1. SAM deposited on a gold-mica substrate with a droplet of CaCO3 solution by passing a Na2CO3/CaCl2 solution across the SAM. (copied from reference 6) It is also possible to confine CaCO3 within the confines of a annular wedge, formed around the contact point of two crossed half cylinders. The cylinders are functionalized with SAMs. (Stephens, C. J., et al. 2010). Formerly, CaCO3 biomineralization was considered to be based in a combination of ions pumped into the mineral deposition site. However, CaCo3 confinement has helped to increase our understanding of biomineralization processes due to a higher study of its formation. Currently, it is well known that calcite and aragonite formation in biological systems frequently proceeds via ACC (amorphous CaCO3) precursor. It was shown (Stephens, C. J., et al. (2011) how the crystallisation of CaCO3 was slower in droplets than in a bulk solution. This allows us to observe the mechanism of crystallisation more easily and then study the different stages of the process or even discover new polymorphs. The research shows that the crystals that had precipitated within the droplets were quite different in morphology and were smaller than those precipitated in bulk. While the crystals precipitated in bulk solution were rhombohedral calcite crystals, most crystals formed in the droplets were tetrahedral ACC crystals. The explanation for these results is that the rate of crystallization of the ACC phase decreases in confinement. In bulk solution, the tetrahedral growth form converted into the more common rhombohedral morphology faster than in the droplets because the lifetime of the ACC precursor phase increased in small volumes. In particular, precipitation reaction of CaCO3 terminates at an earlier stage of crystallization in SAMs than in the bulk solution. Thus, under the limited reagent conditions, we might be able to observe the frozen intermediate and then, better understand its mechanism of crystallization. Other work has confined the CaCO3 in phospholipid bilayer vesicles (Tester C., Ryan E. Brock, et al. 2011). The results obtained are similar to those obtained in droplets: confinement allow the stabilization and control transformation of metastable amorphous precursor phases of calcite. Figure 2. Phospholipid bilayer vesicle (liposome) (copied from reference 18) Liposomal encapsulation offers excellent control over calcite nucleation and growth. CaSO4 was also confined in a annular wedge formed around the contact point of two crossed half cylinders (Wang, Y. W., H. K. Christenson, et al. 2013). A remarkable stabilization of the metastable phases amorphous calcium sulfate and calcium sulfate hemihydrates was observed. Confinement caused changes in the crystal shapes, sizes and observed polymorphs. The effect of confinement on Calcium Phosphate has also been studied. The importance of Calcium Phosphate confinement is highlighted by the fact that it allows understanding of bone and teeth structure and its formation mechanism (Cantaert B., Elia Beniash et al. 2013). By precipitating calcium phosphate within the pores of track-etched membranes, it is demonstrated that the formation of polycrystalline hydroxapatite and octacalcium phosphate (results of the crystallization of calcium phosphate) occurs by means of an intermediate amorphous calcium phosphate which is significantly stabilised in confinement. In addition, it is shown that in confinement the spatial constraints can provide a more organised structure of apatitic crystals because preferred orientations of the calcium phosphate nanocystals might appear. This research shows that orientation of the polycrystalline hydroxapatite in confinement is comparable or even superior to that seen in bone. Figure 3. Precipitation of CaPO3 within membrane pores (copied from reference 1) Some other studies have also reported that solid crystallization within nanometer-scale often exhibit preferred orientations with respect to the direction of the pores. Organic crystals were grown in the porous polymer monoliths and it was shown that pore direction affects the orientation of the nanocrystal. (Hamilton et al. 2012). Moreover, it is demonstrated that the sizes of crystals embedded in pores and the polymorph stability and selectivity during crystallization are affected by the pore size. The importance of confinement is explained through the crystallization processes since most of biological and chemical reactions can be affected by confinement, due to the changes in stability, morphology, polymorph, orientation, polycrisystalline character of crystals and also in the rate of crystallization. Indeed there are many crystallization phenomena that we cannot describe correctly from bulk solution. In conclusion, the confinement effects are important in general material synthesis since many optical, ferroelectric, electronic and magnetic proprieties of crystalline material depend on the control of the polymorphic forms of materials. Moreover, the study of early stages crystal growth is hard because they are transient and form randomly. Hence, to study the different polymorphic forms and orientation of crystals, it will be useful for solid crystallization to be conducted in localized volumes.

Operational reorganization :: essays research papers fc

Operational Reorganization Program Our company is downsizing, facing major budget cuts, reorganizing departments and instituting a cross-training program for employees. It’s imperative that we effectively manage these process changes and transition into a more productive organization. A goal setting, motivation and stress management program is required to assist employees and management during this transitional time. As we are all aware, we must make our company more responsive to an increasingly competitive global market. We must be more flexible and be able to adapt quickly to the competitive demands of our industry. Product development cycles need to be reduced and our workforce must be able to continually improve our processes to remain competitive. The following is a step-by-step analysis of a proposed reorganization plan. A time line has been established to cover the initial 3-month implementation phase. The plan provides for a high level of employee involvement, the creation of teams to oversee the changes and set objectives, and a structured communication plan to reduce change resistance and insure that our message is being understood. Step 1 – Analysis of Organizational Objectives (Week 1) â€Å"The implementation of a Management by Objectives (MBO) program is an effective solution to make goal setting operational.† (Robbins 206) Specific and measurable objectives must be set at the organizational level and then flowed to divisions, departments and individuals. The required budget cuts have already established an initial organizational objective. We must quantity the budget cuts and develop a detailed reduction in work force plan. The loss of employment will be a major destabilizing factor for our company and we should move rapidly to implement the necessary reduction in work force to meet our budget criteria. Our organizational objectives must also cover the specific reorganization objectives that will make our company competitive. The realignment of our organization to reduced process cost, product development cycle times and marketing objectives all need to be defined and set to an aggressive time line. The additional measures that must be taken to achieve our budgets must also be quantified. Indirect costs and travel budgets need to be established and measured against our budgets. Step 2 – Reduction in Work Force Implementation (Week 2) The uncertainty resulting from a reduction in work force is a major concern for all employees. All too often, I have been involved in layoff situations, downsizing, rightsizing or however management chooses to characterize the manpower adjustment. Operational reorganization :: essays research papers fc Operational Reorganization Program Our company is downsizing, facing major budget cuts, reorganizing departments and instituting a cross-training program for employees. It’s imperative that we effectively manage these process changes and transition into a more productive organization. A goal setting, motivation and stress management program is required to assist employees and management during this transitional time. As we are all aware, we must make our company more responsive to an increasingly competitive global market. We must be more flexible and be able to adapt quickly to the competitive demands of our industry. Product development cycles need to be reduced and our workforce must be able to continually improve our processes to remain competitive. The following is a step-by-step analysis of a proposed reorganization plan. A time line has been established to cover the initial 3-month implementation phase. The plan provides for a high level of employee involvement, the creation of teams to oversee the changes and set objectives, and a structured communication plan to reduce change resistance and insure that our message is being understood. Step 1 – Analysis of Organizational Objectives (Week 1) â€Å"The implementation of a Management by Objectives (MBO) program is an effective solution to make goal setting operational.† (Robbins 206) Specific and measurable objectives must be set at the organizational level and then flowed to divisions, departments and individuals. The required budget cuts have already established an initial organizational objective. We must quantity the budget cuts and develop a detailed reduction in work force plan. The loss of employment will be a major destabilizing factor for our company and we should move rapidly to implement the necessary reduction in work force to meet our budget criteria. Our organizational objectives must also cover the specific reorganization objectives that will make our company competitive. The realignment of our organization to reduced process cost, product development cycle times and marketing objectives all need to be defined and set to an aggressive time line. The additional measures that must be taken to achieve our budgets must also be quantified. Indirect costs and travel budgets need to be established and measured against our budgets. Step 2 – Reduction in Work Force Implementation (Week 2) The uncertainty resulting from a reduction in work force is a major concern for all employees. All too often, I have been involved in layoff situations, downsizing, rightsizing or however management chooses to characterize the manpower adjustment.

Government Funding For The Arts Essay -- essays research papers fc

Government Funding for the Arts The National Endowment for the Arts is a government sponsored foundation. The duty of the National Endowment for the Arts is to foster the growth of the arts evenly through the national, state, and local levels of the country. With all of the budget slashing that is now taking place the arts is the first place that people look to take money from. This not only happens on the national level but also in our schools. Many people don't see the arts as important. It is the most important thing that our society has. Art, in each and every form that it comes in, shows us who we are. Our pictures that we paint, our songs which we compose, our theater for which we write, act, and dance for, our buildings which we design, as a whole, explains our culture. Future historians will look back at these things and judge us by our accomplishments in these areas. When we look back in history, we recall it through the greatest past achievements in art: the Sistine Chapel, the great pyramids of Egypt, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture, and the works of Plato. Shouldn't we be able to show feats just as grand? Most Americans do agree with me. In 1992, a study called the "Americans and the Arts VI" was conducted; it ended with these results: * 60% of the people support the federal support of the arts. * 63% of the people support the state's support of the arts. * 84% of...

Post-Colonialism: Trying To Regain Ethnic Individuality :: essays research papers fc

Indeed, the stranger has unusual customs. The white man held the paper like a sacred thing. His hands shook, and we mistrusted him... For how many moons will the stranger be among us? (Vera 43) The stranger still lives among the people of Zimbabwe, though the colonial political authority has left. Yet I wonder if the town elder speaking in the above passage from Yvonne Vera's Nehanda would recognize current Zimbabwean authorities as strangers or countrymen. Could he relate to today's government officials and understand the languages which they speak? Would he feel at home in an African country with borders defined by European imperial powers without regard to the various ethnic nations involved? Post-colonial theory attempts to explain problems such as these, yet it does so almost exclusively in the languages of the European colonial powers. Europeans even created the word Africa. "To name the world is to 'understand' it, to know it and to have control over it" (Ashcroft 283). Because knowledge is power, and words, whether written or spoken, are the medium of exchange, using words incurs responsibility. One must use special care with broadly defined words and terms, such as post-colonial. Post-colonial literature describes a wide array of experiences set in the contexts of heterogeneous societies which themselves represent many different ethnic groups. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin define post-colonial theory as discussion of "migration, slavery, suppression, resistance, representation, difference, race, gender, place, and responses to the influential master discourses of imperial Europe... and the fundamental experiences of speaking and writing by which all these come into being" (Ashcroft 2). The wide-ranging nature of the term post-colonial threatens to weaken its usefulness by "diffusion... so extreme that it is used to refer to not only vastly different but even opposed activities" (Ashcroft 2). Post-colonialism encompasses many of the issues encountered in the work we have discussed thus far in the semester. Yet because vague and generalized theories have limits and tend to oversimplify, clouding over real problems, one must handle the term with care. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin suggest that we should restrict the term post-colonial to signify after colonialism. "All post-colonial societies are still subject in one way or another to overt or subtle forms of neo-colonial domination, and independence has not solved the problem" (Ashcroft 2). After colonialism, new elites, often in the form of dictators, frequently rose and still rise to power in post-colonial countries.

New World Movie Review

Action, romance, hardships, drama, and suspense; now you’re probably thinking what do these very different qualities have in common. The New World is a dramatic film about the life of the settlers who came to the new world not knowing what to expect and having to deal with the new surroundings and the Native people. You will follow the life of a native girl named Pocahontas who experiences love, loss, and victory. You will be on your edge of your seat due to the action and suspense this movie sets on you. The New World was directed and written by Terrence Malick. The main characters in the film are Colin Farrell who played John Smith, Q’orianka Kilcher who played Pocahontas, and Christopher Plummer. This movie was made in 2005. This movie is about settlers from England coming to the New World to start colonies. It is the story of how they made it and what different hardships they had to overcome in order to survive in this new world. Throughout the movie you see how the natives interact with the colonists and how Pocahontas falls in love with Captain John Smith. In this movie settlers come from England to start over and discover new land. When they arrived they don’t know what to expect of the land or of the natives that live there. Knowing ahead of time that there were going to be natives living there they made sure to take precaution because they did not know what to expect of them. Throughout the movie you see the interactions between the natives and the settlers and often times it became very violent due to the settlers driving the native people out of their land. Pocahontas, the chiefs most loved daughter helps out settlers brings them food and teaches them how to grow crops to make money and to help them survive. The movie tells the story of the things that people discovered, how Pocahontas falls in love with John Smith and how the tables turn and how the outcome of their love might not be what you expected. In this movie the thing that caught my eye the most was the music and how just something so simple like the sound of wind or trees blowing can cause or change the overall feel of a scene. For example whenever you were in a scene with the Indians there was always this peaceful music that gave the Indians the audience the feeling of being at peace with them. In many scenes with Pocahontas when she is in the fields this peaceful music will play and it creates a very serein feel. This is a great movie and I recommend it to veryone who has a chance to see it. In my opinion the people who will like this movie will mainly be young adults because of the action and romance. During this whole movie I learned a lot about the not only the story of Jamestown but how to create different effects on people through film making. I personal liked the movie a lot because of romance between John Smith and Pocahontas and John Rolf and Pocahontas. Overall I recommend this movie to anyone who is in for a ro mance with some action involved! Short Biography:

Comparing 2 Cities

Bangkok and Seoul are well-known cities of Asia. Bangkok is the capital main commercial center of Thailand and Seoul is the capital main commercial center of South Korea. While they are different in many ways, they also have several similarities. This report will compare and contrast some of the economic, history, physical, population features of the two capitals. There are several similarities between the two cities. Firstly, both cities focus on manufactured business. Secondly, the finance and trade are the major industries of their economy.Thirdly, both of them have long histories. Seoul, is in fact, the older of the two cities. Seoul was founded in 1394 whereas Bangkok was founded in 1782. In contrast, the two cities have some significant differences in physical features. Firstly, Bangkok is much bigger than Seoul, occupying 1562 sq kms. On the other hand, Seoul is fairly small city, being only 627 sq kms. Secondly, the locations of Bangkok and Seoul is different. Bangkok, which is in central Thailand , is located on the banks of Chao Phraya River. It is about 22 kms from the river’s mouth.However, Seoul is located on banks of the Han River in north-western South Korea, about 3kms from the Port of Inchon. Finally, the population of the cities differ greatly in size and there is an important difference in their structure. Firstly, Seoul has just over ten million people whereas Bangkok has only 7. 5 million people. Secondly, the majority of the people in Bangkok is Thai with 75 percent and 25 percent people come to another countries including Chinese, Indian, Burmese, Khmer and Vietnamese. On the other hand, the main composition of people in Seoul is almost all Korean.

Advertisement and Promotion in Business

Abstract With the increase in competition among different businesses across all industries, it is vital for companies to ensure that they implement ideal promotional strategies to maintain their competitiveness. This paper presents an in-depth analysis on several aspects of business advertisement and promotions. It addresses the scope of marketing strategies, which covers the process of communication in advertisement, the organization of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom, the regulation of the industry and the current trends in advertising. It also covers the concept of below-the-line advertisement and suggests the promotional strategies that can be used by Pringles, a well renowned snack brand. Introduction Advertisement and promotion play a vital role in the marketing of products and services of any company by increasing brand awareness and attracting customers (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). It is one of the four components of the 4Ps of marketing, which comprise of product, price, promotion and place (Pride, 2013). Whereas there are different approaches to advertising and promotion, they all have the main objective of communicating about what companies have to offer to their target clients (Percy & Rosenbaum-Elliott, 2012). With the ongoing increase in competition across all industries, companies that fail to advertise or promote their products and services risk losing their competitive edge regardless of how proper the other elements of the marketing mix are (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). This paper covers different issues of advertisement and promotion. These include the marketing communications’ scope and below the line advertisement approaches that can be used to promote Pringles, one of their products. It also designs a plan for an integrated promotional strategy for Pringles. Task 1 – Scope of Marketing Communications1. Explain the communication process that applies to advertising and promotion.Communication in advertisement and promotion aims to ensure that that the messages that businesses intend to pass to their consumers are effectively relayed (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). There are different steps through which these messages undergo before arriving to their target audiences. In promotion and advertisement, the sender – in this case, the advertising company – encodes the message and relays it through a transmission device (Wharton, 2013). Encoding is the creative creation of cues that can either be verbal or non-verbal that will pass the intended message to customers in the most effective manner and also attract the highest possible attention among the target customers (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). After the message has been encoded, ideal transmission devices or avenues are used to pass the message (Wharton, 2013). With the different customer segments being targeted by companies, it is important to select the most ideal avenue through which the advertisement can be passed (Pride, 2013). The message is then decoded by the receiver, where it will trigger different actions in response to the advertisement, which include making purchases of the advertised products or services (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). Whereas companies expect the communication processes of advertisements to lack barriers, there are several that may limit the attainment of the intended advertisement objectives (Wharton, 2013). One of these is the presence of many other adverts by competing companies that may divide the attention of target consumers this is mainly referred to as clutter (Kaser, 2012).2. Explain the organisation of the advertising and promotions industry.The advertising and promotions industry com prises of different entities. These include advertisers, advertising agencies, media organizations and external facilitators (Friedlein, 2014). The roles played by all these parties contribute towards the success of the industry. To ensure effectiveness of this industry, different countries have different approaches of managing these involved parties (O’guinn et al., 2011). In the United Kingdom and Europe, there are different bodies that are involved in the running of the industry. These include the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA), and the Promotional Marketing Council (PMC) (Warc, 2014). EACA represents media agency associations and full-service advertising across Europe (EACA, 2014). It is based in Brussels, Belgium, and focuses on the promotion for responsible effective and honest advertisement. The organisation also promotes high levels of professionalism and fosters close cooperation among different advertisers, agencies and media outlets in Europ e. PMC, on the other hand, represents the sales promotion industry. Some of the parties represented include suppliers, clients and agencies across several countries in Europe (Warc, 2014).3. Assess how promotion is regulated.Regulation involves the creation or certain rules and regulations to govern different activities in advertisement and promotion. In the United Kingdom, an advertising self-regulatory system for non-broadcast advertising was set up in UK in 1961. This step was taken to ensure that advertisements are responsible and achieve the purpose of making customers aware of products and their repurchase of the products. The UK regulates the promotion industry by using a combination of practice and legislation codes (Advertising Standards Authority, 2014). There are two regulatory committees that create, revise and monitor advertising codes. These are the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP) and the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP). The BCAP code creates broadcast advertising rules while CAP creates rules for non-broadcasting advertising, direct marketing and sales promotion (Farrell & Gordon, 2012). These rules are enforced by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). With the changes that are always taking place in advertising, these rules are regularly revised to increase effectiveness (Kaser, 2012). However, keeping up with this pace is quite challenging because of the increase in advertisement avenues that has been made possible by technological advancements. As a result, increasing numbers of customers are falling prey to advertisers that advertise inexistent or poor quality products (Cho et al., 2014).4. Examine current trends in advertising and promotion, including the impact of ICT.The current trends in advertising and promotion have majorly been influenced by the increase in the use of the internet and social networking among target customers, which has largely been as a result of ICT development (Friedlein, 2014). There are various internet related trends in product advertising and promotion. These trends include; social media, online display advertising and mobile advertising. Advertisements on the social media, such as Facebook and Twi tter, are on the rise and are referred to as sponsored content (Seth & Kapoor, 2014). Companies are taking advantage of the growing number of people using these avenues because in total, there are approximately 2 billion people signed up to different social media platforms (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Online display marketing is on the rise, and involves the advertisement of company websites on other websites that target consumers frequently use (Kaser, 2012). According to Persaud and Azhar (2012), an increase in the use of smartphones has also given rise to internet mobile advertising. This is where advertisers reach consumers personally through platforms, such as social media or sending links to company websites, in the form of text messages (Persaud & Azhar, 2012). Whereas these developments provide a convenience of reaching a wide range of clients in a short time and on a smaller budget, there are also different associated demerits (Friedlein, 2014). One of these is the information risk that customers and companies may be prone to because of hacking (Cho et al., 2014). Social media has been regarded by some researchers as one of the fastest avenues through which information passes. Thus, any mistake by a company that may tarnish its reputation can be detrimental to its brand (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Task 3: Primary techniques of below-the-line technique of sales promotion1. Explain primary techniques of below-the-line promotion and develop a BTL campaign for the brand, â€Å"Pringles†Below-the-line promotionBelow-the line advertisement is a promotional strategy that tends to use other mediums apart from the typical ones like the internet, broadcast, print and billboards (Kaser, 2012). Many companies in the present-day business environment utilize this strategy alongside above-the-line and through-the-line advertisement (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). One of the main attributes of this approach to advertisement is that it is less expensive. However, many companies combine this with above-the-line promotions so as to maintain a better market position, below-the-line promotion being just as complement (Gautam, 2013). Several below-the-line advertisement techniques are discussed hereunder. Field marketing or promotion: It is a process through which salespeople target customers on a one-on-one basis with the aim of promoting certain products and services (Stone & Desmond, 2007). One of the advantages of this approach is that it provides customers with a close interaction with the product being promoted and the salesmen. However, this is time consuming and some customers may not be quite welcoming to the salespeople (Sigala, 2010). The use of coupons: this below the line approach to promotion involves handing coupons to prospective purchasers of commodities and offering incentives or discounts to attract customers, especially those who are price-sensitive (Wharton, 2013). Given that such approaches often offer product at reduced prices for a short duration, there is always a risk of reduced sales when the company resumes its original prices (Kumar & Rajan, 2012). Loyalty programs: These are packages that offer rewards to the frequent buyers of commodities due to their loyalty to the retail outlets (Grewal et al., 2011). Such programs are common in the airline industry, where frequent flyers of a given airline numbering a specified number of flights are awarded for their loyalty in different ways, which may also include free flights. These programs are however more ideal for customers with easy accessibility to the company products (Kaser, 2012).A below-the-line campaign for PringlesPringles is a potato and wheat manufactured snack owned and run under the Kellogg Company (Pringles, 2014). Below-the-line advertisement can be used to compliment the current promotional strategies used. One of the below-the-line approaches that can be used to market Pringles is the field promotion or field marketing approach. To effectively implement this promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to recruit salespeople that have the experience and skills needed to enable them convince people they have never met before to choose the Pringles over competing products in the market (Kaser, 2012). Small samples ought to be distributed for free or be sold at a lower price. Considering that the company mainly targets teenagers and students (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), it is advisable for the company to use younger salespeople who are more aware of how to approach and appeal to teenagers. The most ideal places that promoters of this product can target are those with high population of teenagers, like schools, colleges or recreational parks. Though this marketing approach provides an excellent avenue for building a relationship between the target customers and the brand, companies have to invest heavily in training salespeople or promoters to enable them deal with customers of diverse tastes and backgrou nds (Sigala, 2010).2. Evaluate other techniques that can also be used in this BTL campaign.Apart from the above below-the-line approach that can be used by Pringles, there are several other methods that may be adopted to boost sales and promote the product. They are examined below. Pringles can use the Intercept method, where trained sales personnel are positioned at retail outlets besides the shelves holding Pringles in retail stores and supermarkets (Stone & Desmond, 2007). Their main role is to persuade incoming buyers into the stores to purchase Pringles by highlighting their advantages over other competing products. Whereas this approach can increase the sales for the company, it has been criticized for causing impulse buying among customers (Pride, 2013). Sponsorship is also an ideal below the line promotional strategy that can be used by Pringles. This is whereby the company supports events and activities through provision of funds and other resources that are valuable to the success of the event (Woisetschlager & Michaelis, 2012). For Pringles, this strategy can be implemented by sponsoring sports for schools and youth concerts. Awareness of the company or products can be increased by ensuring by printing T-Shirts, caps or any other apparel to be worn by those attending the event. Even with this convenience that the strategy offers to customers, it can be quite cost intensive for the company depending on the size or magnitude of the event being sponsored (Lee et al., 2012). This may have an adverse impact on the company’s return on investment. Task 4: Plan Integrated Promotional Strategies1. Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for this integrated promotional strategyAn integrated promotional strategy refers to an approach to promotion where a company uses different avenues to and tools to increase the awareness of products (Kaser, 2012). This section presents a plan for a promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles. Even with the current success that it enjoys across the markets that it operates (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), there is still a need for the company to penetrate more in the market and further increase its market share. To implement a successful promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to identify the resources or activities that will be involved. After they are identified, the appropriate budgetary allocation will be done to facilitate the strategy (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). The avenues that will be used in this promotion strategy are TV commercials, billboards and online advertisement through social media outlets. The budget is summarized as below. Promotional TechniquesBudget allocation TV commercials?1 million Billboards?100,000 Social media promotion YouTube video advertisements?50,000 Facebook?50,000 Twitter?50,000 Total?1.25 million 2&3: Carry out the development of a promotional plan for the Pringles and plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for PringlesThe table above represents the promotional techniques that will be used in the promotion of Pringles. TV commercials will be used by airing advertisements of the product on channels that air programs that are mostly viewed by the company’s target customers, who are teenagers and the youth (Saxena, 2010). The most ideal channels on which to air these advertisements are music or sports channels. Billboards will be effective if they are located in areas that are densely populated and are located close to outlets of the products. With an increasing number of people who have signed up on Facebook and Twitter social networks, advertising products on these sites also increases their visibility among the target audience (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). It also enables the company to actively engage with the customers that it is tar geting. Thus, it will be imperative for Pringles to consider utilizing these avenues for promotion.4. Appropriate techniques for measuring campaign effectivenessThere are different approaches that can be used by companies in measuring the effectiveness of their promotional campaigns. One of these is the amount of feedback from customers. This is usually mainly in form of inquiries through different avenues about the product being marketed (Pride, 2013). When inquiries are high, it means that the advertisement strategy was effective, and vice versa. Another approach that can be used is the estimation of sales prior to and after the launch of the promotional campaign or the return on investment (ROI) (Kaser, 2012). Successful promotional campaigns ought to result in an increase in sales levels of the company and create revenues that surpass the investment that was put in the promotional activity. For social media advertisements, tools such as SentiStrength can be used to assess the re ception of consumers to the advertisements. SentiStrenth is a sentiment measuring tool that evaluates the level of positivity or negativity of short texts that are mainly used in commenting on social media sites (SentiStrength, 2014). Conclusion Advertisement and promotion are vital components of the marketing mix. Some of the roles that they play include increasing of awareness among target customers about a company’s products and attracting new customers. This paper has addressed different issues that relate to this component of marketing. Under the scope of marketing communications, the paper has explained how the communication works process in promotion. It has also discussed how the organisation and regulation of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom. The concept of below-the-line advertisement and an integrated promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles have also been presented. For companies that intend to maintain their competitiveness in the market and attract a wide range of customers, it s vital for them to ensure that their promotional strategies are relevant to their target audiences. Whereas this paper has provided an in-depth understanding on the concepts of advertising and prom otion, in future, primary research can be incorporated, with members of the marketing department and a section of its target customers as respondents. References Advertising Standards Authority, 2014. About Regulation. 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Mason: Cengage Learning. Sigala, M., 2010. The Handbook of Field Marketing: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Outsourcing Face-to-face Direct Marketing. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(1), pp.67-68. Stone, M.A. & Desmond,J ?., 2007. Fundamentals of Marketing. London: Routledge. Tuten, T.L. & Solomon, M.R., 2012. Social Media Marketing. New York: Prentice Hall. Warc, 2014. Promotional Marketing Council. [Online] Available at: http://www.warc.com/ContentandPartners/PromotionalMarketingCouncil.info [Accessed May 2014]. Wharton, C., 2013. Advertising as Culture. Bristol: Intellect. Woisetschlager, D.M. & Michaelis, M., 2012. Sponsorship congruence and brand image: A pre-post event analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 46(3/4), pp.509-23.