Can Computers Think The Case For and Against Artificial Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Would computers be able to Think? The Case For and Against Artificial Intelligence Essay Would computers be able to Think? The Case For and Against Artificial Intelligence Essay Man-made reasoning has been the subject of numerous awful 80s motion pictures and endless sci-fi books. In any case, what happens when we truly consider the subject of PCs that think. Is it feasible for PCs to have complex contemplations, and even feelings, similar to homo sapien? This paper will try to answer that question and furthermore see what endeavors are being made to make man-made consciousness (in the future called AI) a reality. Before we can explore whether PCs can think, it is important to set up what precisely believing is. Looking at the three principle hypotheses is similar to inspecting three religions. None offers enough help in order to successfully dispose of the chance of the others being valid. The three primary hypotheses are: 1. Thought doesnt exist; that's all anyone needs to know. 2. Thought exists, however is contained completely in the cerebrum. As such, the real material of the cerebrum is equipped for what we recognize as thought. 3. Thought is the aftereffect of an enchanted marvels including the spirit and an entirety slew of other unprovable thoughts. Since neither peruser nor essayist is a researcher, in every way that really matters, we will say just that musing is the thing that we (as homo sapien) experience. So what are we to think about insight? The most convincing contention is that insight is the capacity to adjust to a situation. Work area PCs can, say, go to a particular WWW address. Be that as it may, if the location were transformed, it wouldnt realize how to approach finding the enhanced one (or even that it should). So insight is the capacity to play out an errand taking into thought the conditions of finishing the errand. So since we have the entirety of that out of that way, would computers be able to think? The issue is challenged as fervently among researchers as the upsides of Superman over Batman is among pre-pubescent young men. From one viewpoint are the researchers who state, as scholar John Searle does, that Programs are all sentence structure and no semantics. (Find, 106) Put another way, a PC can really accomplish thought since it only keeps decides that disclose to it how to move images while never understanding the significance of those images. (Find, 106) On the opposite side of the discussion are the supporters of disorder, clarified by Robert Wright in Time in this manner: Our cerebrum subliminally produces contending speculations about the world, and just the triumphant hypothesis turns out to be a piece of awareness. Is that a close by fly or a removed plane on the edge of your vision? Is that a child crying or a feline howling? When we become mindful of such pictures and sounds, these discussion have as a rule been settled by means of a victor take-all battle. The triumphant hypothesis the one that best matches the information has wrested control of our neurons and in this way our perceptual field. (54) So, since our idea depends on past understanding, PCs can in the end figure out how to think. The occasion which got this discussion open investigation was Garry Kasparov, ruling chess victor of the world, contending in a six game chess coordinate against Deep Blue, an IBM supercomputer with 32 microchips. Kasparov in the long run won (4-2), yet it brought up the genuine issue, if a PC can beat the chess victor of the world unexpectedly (a game idea of as the extreme reasoning keeps an eye on game), is there any inquiry of AIs authenticity? To be sure, indeed, even Kasparov said he could feel-I could smell another sort of knowledge over the table. (Time, 55) But, in the end everybody, including Kasparov, understood that what adds up to just savage power, while noteworthy, isn't thought. Dark Blue could consider 200 million moves every second. .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 , .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 .postImageUrl , .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 , .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7:hover , .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7:visited , .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7:active { border:0!important; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7:active , .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7:hover { haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f8 6a16aafaf0c7 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u322f84f8b6bd3d5557f86a16aafaf0c7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Into The Wild: Test Essay But it come up short on the instinct great human players have. Fred Guterl, writing in Discover, clarifies. Studies have indicated that in a run of the mill position, a solid human play considers on normal just two moves. As such, the player is picking between two up-and-comer moves that he naturally perceives, in view of earlier experience, as adding to the objectives of the position. Trying to go past the beast power of Deep Blue in isolated undertakings, are M.I. T. educator Rodney Brooks and PC researcher Douglas Lenat. The want to vanquish AI are the place the likenesses between the two end. Streams is dealing with an AI being nicknamed Cog. Gear-tooth has cameras for eyes, eight 32-piece microchips for a mind and before long will have a skin-like film. Creeks is permitting Cog to find out about the world like a child .

The Purpose Of This Paper Is To Illustrate The Events Surrounding Essa

The motivation behind this paper is to delineate the occasions encompassing the finish of the American Civil War. This war was a war of epic extent. At no other time and not since have such a large number of Americans kicked the bucket in fight. The American Civil War was really awful as far as human life. In this report, I will talk principally around those included on the combat zone in the end days of the contention. Additionally, reference will be made to the main men behind the Union and Confederate powers. The war was start to finish by January of 1865. By at that point, Government (Federal was another name given to the Union Army) armed forces were spread all through the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had contracted very in size. In the year prior to, the North had lost a gigantic measure of lives, however had all that could possibly be needed to lose in contrast with the South. General Grant got known as the Butcher (Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Award, New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.,1894) and many needed to see him evacuated. In any case, Lincoln stood firm with his General, and the war proceeded. This paper will follow the happenings and occasions between the winter of 1864-65 and the acquiescence of The Confederate States of America. The entirety of this will definitely outline that April 9, 1865 was to be sure the finish of a catastrophe. Removing THE SOUTH In September of 1864, General William T. Sherman and his military freed the city from Atlanta of its regular citizen populace at that point rested briefly. It was from that point that General Sherman and his military started its renowned walk to the ocean. The walk secured a separation of 400 miles and was 60 miles wide in transit. For 32 days no updates on him arrived at the North. He had cut himself off from his base of supplies, and his men lived on what ever they could get from the nation through which they passed. On their course, the military pulverized everything without exception that they couldn't utilize yet was assumed usable to the adversary. Considering this annihilation, it is justifiable that Sherman cited war is damnation (Sherman, William T., Journals of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press, 1972). At long last, on December 20, Sherman's men arrived at the city of Savannah and from that point Sherman transmitted to President Lincoln: I ask to introduce you as a Christmas present the city of Savannah, with 150 overwhelming weapons and a lot of ammo, and furthermore around 25,000 bunches of cotton (Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press, 1972). Award had concluded that the best way to win and finish the war is mash with numbers. He realized that the Federal powers held in excess of a humble bit of leeway as far as men and supplies. This in mind, Grant guided Sherman to pivot now and begin heading back toward Virginia. He promptly began making arrangements to give help to Sherman on the excursion. General John M. Schofield and his men were to disconnect from the Army of the Cumberland, which had recently embarrassingly vanquished the Confederates at Nashville, furthermore, continue toward North Carolina. His last goal was to be Goldsboro, which was generally a large portion of the separation among Savannah and Richmond. This is the place he and his 20,000 soldiers would meet Sherman furthermore, his 50,000 soldiers. Sherman started the move north in mid-January of 1865. The main any desire for Confederate obstruction would be provided by General P.G.T. Beauregard. He was figuring out a military with each asset he could lay his hands on, yet, best case scenario would just have the option to assemble about 30,000 men. This by evident science would be no test to the consolidated powers of Schofield and Sherman, not to mention Sherman. Sherman's plan was to walk through South Carolina at the same time befuddling the foe. His men would walk in two positions: One would travel northwest to give the impression of a press against Augusta and the other would walk upper east toward Charleston. Anyway the one genuine goal would be Columbia. Sherman's power showed up in Columbia on February 16. The city was caught fire and incredible debate was to emerge. The Confederates asserted that Sherman's men set the flames purposely, methodicallly, and monstrously. Be that as it may, Sherman asserted that the fires were consuming when they showed up. The flames had been set to cotton bundles by Confederate Calvary to keep the Federal Army from getting them and the high breezes immediately spread the fire. The discussion would be fleeting as no confirmation could ever be introduced. So with Columbia, Charleston, and Augusta

How to Know When Youre Enabling an Addict

How to Know When Youre Enabling an Addict Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print How to Know When Youre Enabling an Alcoholic How Enabling Takes Many Forms By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 06, 2020 courtneyk / E / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many times when family and friends try to help alcoholics, they are actually making it easier for them to continue in the progression of the disease. This baffling phenomenon is called enabling, which takes many forms, all of which have the same effectâ€"allowing the alcoholic to avoid the consequences of his actions. Enabling allows the alcoholic to continue merrily along his (or her) drinking ways, secure in the knowledge that no matter how much he screws up, somebody will always be there to rescue him from his mistakes. What is the difference between helping and enabling??? There are many opinions and viewpoints on this, some of which can be found on the pages linked below, but here is a simple description: Helping is doing something for someone that they are not capable of doing themselves. Enabling is doing for someone things that they could and should be doing themselves. Simply, enabling creates an atmosphere in which the alcoholic can comfortably continue his unacceptable behavior. Are You An Enabler? Are You Enabling an Alcoholic or Addict? Answer these 10  questions to help you decide whether or not your actions and reactions to the alcoholic might be enabling. Click on the link above to take the enabling self-assessment test. If you answered yes to any of the questions, you at some point in time have enabled the alcoholic to avoid his own responsibilities. Rather than help the alcoholic, you have actually made it easier for him to get worse. If you answered yes to most or all of the questions, you have not only enabled the alcoholic, you have probably become a major contributor to the growing and continuing problem and chances are have become affected by the disease yourself. Facing the Consequences of Drinking As long as the alcoholic has his enabling devices in place, it is easy for him to continue to deny he has a problem â€" since most of his problems are being solved by those around him. Only when he is forced to face the consequences of his own actions, will it finally begin to sink in how deep his problem has become. Some of these choices are not easy for the friends and families of alcoholics.?? If the alcoholic drinks up the money that was supposed to pay the utility bill, hes not the only one who will be living in a dark, cold, or sweltering house. The rest of the family will suffer right along with him. Tough Choices for the Family, but Choices That makes the only option for the family seem to be taking the money intended for groceries and paying the light bill instead, since nobody wants to be without utilities. But that is not the only option. Taking the children to friends or relatives, or even a shelter, and letting the alcoholic come home alone to a dark house, is an option that protects the family and leaves the alcoholic face-to-face with his problem. Those kinds of choices are difficult. They require detachment with love. But it is love.?? Unless the alcoholic is allowed to face the consequences of his own actions, he will never realize just how much his drinking has become a problem â€" to himself and those around him. Getting Help to Deal With Someones Alcoholism Often those closest to the alcoholic or addict believe if they can just get him to stop drinking or drugging, it will solve all of the problems. They may attempt a family intervention and many other tactics to try to solve the problem. But many families find that even if the alcoholic or addict quits and gets into recovery, the problems linger. For families dealing with either an active or recovering alcoholic, there are many resources available to offer help and support through the difficulties. Many family members have found that joining Al-Anon Family Groups have changed their lives completely.?? Detachment Protects You From Your Loved Ones Addiction

This essay is about the Museum of tolerance What I saw,...

The Museum of Tolerance is a place that not only is a home to a memoriam of the Holocaust but it also tries to break the barriers of racism, prejudices, and discrimination and tries to teach and incorporate in people that even though everyone is different, everyone shares a universal attribute, that each person around the world no matter their race, gender, country of origin, or choice of religion still bleeds red, feels pain and are human beings. As soon as people realize this fact and accept that no one set of people are better than the other, places like The Museum of Tolerance will not be needed but till then we need to remember what hatred, prejudices, discrimination and the inability to accept people for who they are has and can do†¦show more content†¦Military bound children in some countries are bought or forced into the military by the age of 7 trained to kill and given weapons to serve their country. Often told that they should be proud to die a soldier, if any try to escape the military officers send the same children to hunt and kill the runaways for desertion. Why is it that in the United States actions like these are extremely punishable and prohibited but when other countries practice these methods and import goods to the US we turn our heads? The United States is one of the biggest countries in the world that participates in human trafficking and only recently has been questioned because of recent cases of US Caucasian girls being abducted in foreign countries. Truth is these abductions have been happening for a while now but I ask why it is only now becoming an issue. Also an issue is child porn children are exploited everyday through the internet with child porn sites and in a recent Supreme court case and producer of porn won a case stating that all his children pornography is artificially made with animation from a computer and since no real child is being harmed its his right to express himself as he pleases. Secondly, we were taug ht about the mistreatment of woman around the world. In some countries husbands of wives remove sexual pleasure organs of woman for they will not be tempted to sleep with other men. Sex is only supposed to be enjoyable for the husband. TheseShow MoreRelatedRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 Pagesof JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. 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Principle Of Sacraments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1717 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Religion Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: God Essay Theology Essay Did you like this example? 1. QUESTION 1 The Principle of Sacramentality can best be defined if the words encompassing it are first described. The phrase sacramentality originated from a Latin word Sacramentum, which is a direct translation of the Greek word mysterion, which in English means mystery. The Principle of Sacramentality is, therefore, an instrument of reality that signifies the presence of Gods activity in any sacred undertaking of humankind (Sherry, 2008). The Principle of Sacramentality is as God himself gave humans the son who is God, and He was born as a human being. God, became man through his son, was born of the blessed Mary, and was raised up as a man on the earth. The Principle of Sacramentality indicates that God is seen, heard and touched in the human living perspective since He became human through Jesus (Sherry, 2008). The Church conducts different rituals that enable the invisible presence of God to grow tangible in various ways for the believers to have a unique encounter with God in their lives (Cooke, 2004). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Principle Of Sacraments" essay for you Create order According to the Catholic Church, the Principle of Sacramentality is the way in which God expresses his invisible grace to Christians using signs and action. For instance, in the sacrament of Baptism, the water is used as a sign of Gods grace of washing away the sins. This washing shows that for the Christians to experience the cleansing of sins, they have to encounter with God through the sign of water, which is poured on them (Beguerie Duchesneau, 1997). 2. QUESTION 2 The Church as a whole has three sacraments of initiation. Baptism is the first of the initiation sacraments the others being The Eucharist and Confirmation. The Baptism is taken to introduce a new member to the church. It all marks the entry of one into the church community. It is a welcome of one into godly life (Cooke, 2004). Baptism Marks the end of sins and thus the beginning of a new life in God. Baptism pardons Christian their sins and gives them the dignity to be called Gods children (John3; 5). Confirmation is the time one is filled with the Holy Spirit. It is time for one to take on Gods image (Luke 24; 49). Eucharist is about a Christian are transformed in the flesh all through to their everlasting life (1 Corinthians 11:23-25). Jesus Christ was the first one to institute sacraments since He gave His disciples some directives to follow in the way of Christianity. Such directives were confined to the establishment of sacraments. He said to His chosen disciples, to travel far and wide making disciples, teaching all those who believe and ultimately baptizing them in the name of the supreme trinity (Matthew 27:19). On the night before He died, He instituted the sacrament of Eucharist, the last supper. He took the bread, he blessed it, broke it and gave to His disciples as He uttered; This is my body, and this is the chalice of my blood, do this in remembrance of me (Mark 14:22-25). This practice gave the priests the power to consecrate the Eucharist, which is practiced today. It is all about confirmation of the ways of Christ and nothing less than doing what Jesus Christ set the disciples to do. It is also giving out to God the best regarding service to others. 3. QUESTION3 Following the New Testament, baptism is an event that was practiced right from the time of John the Baptist to the present day. It is considered as a sacred ritual and one that stands out wholly for the believers as far as a cleansing of ones sins is concerned. The Baptism is also understood as a time for the welcoming of the new church members into the faith. It all marks the entry of one into the church community. Therefore, Baptism cannot be complete without the association of water which is believed to wash away the sins and act as a regenerator to the renewal of the Christian faith by the installation of Holy Spirit into ones soul (Luke 3:21). From the Christian perspective, the Sacrament of Baptism is the basis of the completely Christian life. It is a welcome of one into godly life Baptism Marks the end of sins and thus the beginning of a new life in God (Luke 2:21). The word Baptism originated from a Greek word baptizo in which it means to immerse. Water is seen as a purifier and a source of life and light as it nourishes the life of all living creatures even plants. This pathway directs anyone who seeks to be a true believer. It is through Baptism that all believers are freed from their sins and are born again as true children of God and joined the army of Christ (Mark 1:10). The Church has a firm position on the Sacrament of Baptism as it is from it that new disciples are created just as it was ordered by Christ.(Matthew 13:16). Initially, during the creation, the man had the nature of God, but after falling into sin, man was separated from Gods character. This state left man a sinner. The Sacrament of Baptism was consequently introduced to reconcile the human with God. Jesus instituted this sacrament for every soul after paying for the original sin on the cross. In addition, the disciples were commanded to go all over the world preaching the word, and those who believe and are baptized will be saved (Mark 16; 15-16) Baptism is understood as a fundamental sacrament that any Christian qualifies to take in any stage in life as long as one decides to be the church member, apart from it being the first of all the seven sacraments. This is because no one can receive any of the six sacraments unless one is Baptized (Sherry, 2008). Baptism is equally vital for ones salvation. Scripture confirms that it is only through baptism of water and that of the spirit that one has a place in Gods kingdom (John3; 6). 4. QUESTION 4 Confirmation is also identified a spiritual strengthening sacrament and was instituted to witness the true character of Christ. Jesus told the disciples not to leave Jerusalem until they receive the Holy Spirits power that will help them to be his witness all over the world (Luke 24; 49). Confirmation by Holy oil helps in increasing the sanctifying grace in Christians life as well as enabling them to remain spiritually alive. It is through Confirmation that the Christians can resist sin and become more like Christ (Cooke, 2004). The Sacrament of Confirmation is associated with light just as the Sacrament of Baptism is related to water (History Development of Sacrament of Confirmation, 2017). During the ceremony of Confirmation, some rituals accompany it, which is believed to be the qualification for one to be crowned entirely. Confirmation enables the Christian to be like Christ the king in leadership and directing others. Therefore, the Christians use the Sacrament of Confirmation in spreading their faith as well as defending it (Cooke, 2004). The anointing ritual is the last one during this ceremony where anointing oil is smeared on the forehead of the confirmed. The oil smeared on the forehead of the established, therefore, shows that one has been chosen by God to be His child and he should follow the Gods teachings (1st Samuel 16:13). 5. QUESTION 5 The presence of Christ in the Sacrament of Eucharist is different from the presence of Christ in other sacraments. This is because in other sacrament Christ is present by his power but not in reality as in the body and blood. As a result, while partaking the Eucharist Christians do not only participate in the bread and wine but Christ in a person who is the food of eternal life. During Eucharist, the Catholics worship Christ, whom they supposed to be present in the sacramental bread and blood. This shows that the bread is not a mere symbol of Christ, but Christ is substantially present in it (Billy Keating, 2006). Those who have been initiated participate with others in the whole community in the Lords sacrifice using the Eucharist. It originated from the act of Christ in the Last Supper before his betrayal.Christ established the Eucharist of the sacrifice of His own body and blood. He did it to bring forth an eternal sacrifice that will be a sign of love, unity, resurrection and act as a memory of the journey of salvation that he underwent (Matthew 26:26-28). The Eucharist summarizes our faith because we believe that Christ hang dead on the cross for our redemption. He gave His body for persecution for our sake and shed his blood for the redemption of our lost souls. This body is symbolized by the bread and blood changed from wine when the priest consecrates them when he says; This is my body and the chalice of my blood. (1st Corinthians 11:23). 6. QUESTION 6 The other name of Penance is Confession and Reconciliation. In this Sacrament, Christians are expected to confess their sin and return to God from their astray. The critical element of this sacrament is the act of confessing individuals sins to the priest. The Catholic Church has given the Christians a way to reconcile with their creator (Cooke, 2004). Christ as a sign of love and mercy instituted the Sacrament of Penance. What the signs of the Sacrament symbolize however is a more profound, mysterious, religious and spiritual state or level of being. At a sacred level, the Sacrament of Penance offers the opportunity for Christian to heal their relationship with God by obtaining forgiveness for their sins. It makes Jesus present and can change our lives as we come to know how God loves us. Signs, which accompany the Sacrament of Penance, are not just empty symbols; they convey something else, which draws humans into reality they portray. The priest utters that, your sins are forgiven (Luke 5:20). The signs embraced during this Sacrament of Penance reinforce the density of the forgiveness attained. Therefore, the Penance that we seek is to strengthen our faith. References Beguerie, P., Duchesneau, C. (1997). How to understand the sacraments. New York: Crossroad. Billy, D. J., Keating, J. (2006). The way of mystery: The Eucharist and moral living. New York: Paulist Press. Cooke, B. J. (2004). Sacraments sacramentality. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications. History Development of Sacrament of Confirmation. (2017). Loyolapress.com. Retrieved 15 July 2017, from https://www.loyolapress.com/our-catholic-faith/sacraments/confirmation/history-and-development-of-sacrament-of-confirmation. Sherry, P. (2008). The Sacramentality of Things. New Black friars, 89(1023), 575-590.

Support Individuals to Maintain Personal Hygiene Free Essays

string(53) " practice in the performance described in this unit\." Elements of competence |HSC420. 1 |Raise awareness of the value of leisure opportunities and activities for individuals | |HSC420. 2 |Negotiate and agree leisure opportunities and activities for individuals | About this Unit For this Unit you will need to promote opportunities for individuals to participate in leisure activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Support Individuals to Maintain Personal Hygiene or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scope The scope is here to give you guidance on possible areas to be covered in this Unit. The terms in this section give you a list of options linked with items in the performance criteria. You need to provide evidence for any option related to your work area. Awareness raising audiences: sports and recreation associations; employers’ associations; local government planners; community self-help groups; governors; trustees; shareholders; the general public. Communicate using: the individual’s preferred spoken language; the use of signs; symbols; pictures; writing; objects of reference; communication passports; other non verbal forms of communications; human and technological aids to communication. Leisure activities related to: hobbies; interests; sports (as a spectator or participant); entertainment (e. g. ccess to the theatre or visiting theatre groups), socialising (e. g. eating out, talking to others about the old days). They may take place within or outside the care environment. People and organisations who are suitable and able to provide leisure opportunities and activities include: those who organise or provide recreation and leisure activities in t he care setting (e. g. care workers, entertainers); those who provide leisure activities for the general public (e. g. theatres, swimming pools, sports centres); those who provide leisure activities for specific groups within the community (e. g. Women’s Institute, youth workers). Your knowledge and understanding for this Unit will relate to legal requirements and codes of practice applicable to the scope of your work and that of others with whom you work; your role, the level of responsibility you have within your organisation to manage activities to achieve an optimum service; the depth and breadth of understanding that will enable you carry out your job role and support others to perform competently; the need to be able to solve problems and resolve conflicts; the need to be able to evaluate, assess situations and act appropriately; systems and processes within your own and across other organisations and the need for you to be able to work in collaboration with individuals[1] Values underpinning the whole of the Unit The values underpinning this Unit have been derived from the key purpose statement[2], the statement of expectations from carers and people receiving services, relevant service standards and codes of practice for health and social care in the f our UK countries. If you are working with children and young people they can be found in the principles of Care Unit HSC44. If you are working with adults they can be found in HSC45. To achieve this Unit you must demonstrate that you have applied the principles of care outlined in either Unit HSC44 or HSC45 in your practice and through your knowledge. Evidence Requirements for the Unit It is essential that you adhere to the Evidence Requirements for this Unit – please see details overleaf. |SPECIFIC Evidence Requirements for this unit | |Simulation: | |Simulation is NOT permitted for any part of this unit. | |The following forms of evidence ARE mandatory: | Direct Observation: Your assessor or an expert witness must observe you in real work activities which provide a | |significant amount of the performance criteria for most of the elements in this unit. For example how you were able to make | |and develop relationships with individual people for whom you are providing care, which enabled you to advise on and promote| |leisure opportunities and activities. | |Reflective Account/professional discus sion: You should describe your actions in a particular situation and explain why you | |did things. For example you could write about the ways you create opportunities to advise and inform individuals and groups | |of the benefits an active lifestyle holds, explaining what research and reading you used and how you selected appropriate | |information to share with others. |Competence of performance and knowledge could also be demonstrated using a variety of evidence from the following: | |Questioning/professional discussion: May be used to provide evidence of knowledge, legislation, policies and procedures | |which cannot be fully evidenced through direct observation or reflective accounts. In addition the assessor/expert witness | |may also ask questions to clarify aspects of your practice. | |Expert Witness: A designated expert witness may provide direct observation of practice, questioning, professional discussion| |and feedback on reflective accounts. | |Witness Testimony: Can be a confirmation or authentication of the activities described in your evidence which your assessor | |has not seen. This could be provided by a work colleague, individuals or other key people. |Products: These can be any record that you would normally use within your normal role e. g. communication records, reports | |and records; minutes of meetings, policies and procedures, etc. | |You need not put confidential records in your portfolio, they can remain where they are normally stored and be checked by | |your assessor and internal verifier. If you do include them in your portfolio all names and identifying information must be| |removed to ensure confidentiality. | |These may also be assignments/projects: For example from HNC, O. U. courses. You could also use evidence of previous | |in-house training courses/programmes you have completed showing professional development. |GENERAL GUIDANCE | |Prior to commencing this unit you should agree and complete an assessment plan with your a ssessor which details the | |assessment methods you will be using, and the tasks you will be undertaking to demonstrate your competence. | |Evidence must be provided for ALL of the performance criteria ALL of the knowledge and the parts of the scope that are | |relevant to your job role. | |The evidence must reflect the policies and procedures of your workplace and be linked to current legislation, values and the| |principles of best practice within the Care Sector. This will include the National Service Standards for your areas of work| |and the individuals you care for. | |All evidence must relate to your own work practice. | Knowledge specification for this unit Competent practice is a combination of the application of skills and knowledge informed by values and ethics. This specification details the knowledge and understanding required to carry out competent practice in the performance described in this unit. You read "Support Individuals to Maintain Personal Hygiene" in category "Essay examples" When using this specification it is important to read the knowledge requirements in relation to expectations and requirements of your job role. You need to provide evidence for ALL knowledge points listed below. There are a variety of ways this can be achieved so it is essential that you read the ‘knowledge evidence’ section of the Assessment Guidance. |You need to show that you know, understand and can apply in practice: |Enter Evidence Numbers | |Values | | |1 The ways in which stereotyping, discrimination and stigmatisation might affect risk assessment and| | |how to guard against this. | | |2 How to apply the principles of equality, diversity and anti-discriminatory practice to your work. | |Legislation and organisational policy and procedures | | |3 The specific legislation, guidelines of good practice, charters and service standards which relate| | |to the work being undertaken, and the impact of this on the work. | | |4 The effect which Health and Safety legislation may have on the leisure opportunities and | | |activities promoted. | | |5 The boundaries and limits of your role in terms of promoting leisure opportunities and activities,| | |particularly in respect of the level of risk involved. | | |6 The role of the agency and its services and how they relate to other agencies and services in the | | |sector. | |7 The agency’s policy and procedures regarding confidentiality of information and the disclosure of | | |information to third parties, and the specific circumstances under which disclosure may be made. | | |8 Any particular factors relating to the agency’s policies and practices which affect the work | | |undertaken. | | |9 Your own role and responsibilities and from whom assistance and advice should be sought if you are| | |unsure. | | |Theory and practice | | |10 The role which recreation and leisure plays in the health and well-being of individuals. | |11 The effects of the therapeutic value or stimulation provided by leisure activities. | | |12 Evidence based practice in promoting leisure opportunities and activities to meet individual | | |needs and how to apply this evidence to your own work. | | |13 Methods of presenti ng information and encouraging interest in and about the role of leisure, in | | |meeting individual’s needs and promoting well-being. | | |14 The particular difficulties that individuals may face in seeking leisure opportunities and | | |activities. | | You need to show that you know, understand and can apply in practice: |Enter Evidence Numbers | |15 National and local schemes and agencies (statutory, private and voluntary) which are involved in | | |providing, promoting or creating leisure opportunities and activities, for whom they are designed | | |and how to access them. | | |16 The range of local leisure opportunities and activities, the forms these take, who they are aimed| | |at and how to access them. | | |17 The potential concerns which people and organisations may have about providing leisure | | |opportunities and activities for individuals, why it is important to acknowledge their concerns and | | |how to offer information to help them make informed decisions. | |18 How to gauge the level of interest and ability of people and organisations who may offer leisure | | |opportunities and activities to individuals. | | |19 How to alter communication when working with different individuals and representatives of | | |different agencies. | | |20 The options for promoting leisure opportunities and activities and which are the most appropriate| | |options for the people and organisations concerned. | | |21 Methods for assessing and managing risk. | |22 Methods of evaluating your own competence, determining when further support and expertise are | | |needed, and the measures to take to improve your own competence in this area of work. | | HSC420. 1Raise awareness of the value of leisure opportunities and activities for individuals |Performance criteria | | |DO |RA |EW |Q |P |WT | |1 You identify, contact, meet and communicate appropriately with | | | | | | | |people and organisations to establish their interest in the value | | | | | | | |of leisure activities for individuals. | | | | | | |2 You present clear, accurate and relevant information to awareness| | | | | | | |raising audiences about: | | | | | | | |(a) the relationship between and benefits that appropriate leisure | | | | | | | |activities can bring to individuals | | | | | | | |(b) the impact of discrimination, oppression and social exclusion | | | | | | | |on individuals | | | | | | | |(c) ways of offering leisure opportunities and activities to | | | | | | | |individuals | | | | | | |3 You give people the opportunity to ask questions and confirm | | | | | | | |their understanding of the information provided. | | | | | | | |4 You seek further support and advice in areas that are outside | | | | | | | |your expertise to deal with. | | | | | | | |5 You refer people and organisations who need information and | | | | | | | |advice that is outside your expertise to provide, to other | | | | | | | |appropriate sources. | | | | | | |6 You challenge constructively attit udes and behaviour which are | | | | | | | |ill informed, misguided, abusive or discriminatory. | | | | | | | |7 You identify and encourage people and organisations to become | | | | | | | |champions in the provision of leisure opportunities and activities | | | | | | | |for individuals and support them to raise the awareness of other | | | | | | | |people and organisations. | | | | | | | HSC420. Negotiate and agree leisure opportunities and activities for individuals |Performance criteria | | |DO |RA |EW |Q |P |WT | |1 You encourage people and organisations to consider their capacity| | | | | | | |and any reasonable adjustments that they could make, to enable them| | | | | | | |to offer individuals leisure opportunities and activities. | | | | | | | DO = Direct ObservationRA = Reflective AccountQ = Questions EW = Expert Witness P = Product (Work)WT = Witness Testimony HSC420. Negotiate and agree leisure opportunities and activities for individuals (cont) |Performance criteria | | | DO |RA |EW |Q |P |WT | |2 You evaluate the willingness and ability of people and | | | | | | | |organisations to provide leisure opportunities and activities for | | | | | | | |individuals. | | | | | | | |3 You identify people and organisations who are suitable and able | | | | | | | |to provide leisure opportunities and activities. | | | | | | |4 You examine with people and organisations who are suitable and | | | | | | | |able to provide leisure opportunities and activities: | | | | | | | |(a) the potential challenges and rewards | | | | | | | |(b) any resources which will be required | | | | | | | |5 You clearly explain your role and responsibilities to people and | | | | | | | |organisations who can provide leisure opportunities and activities. | | | | | | |6 You discuss and agree with people and organisations that have | | | | | | | |agreed to offer leisure opportunities and activities: | | | | | | | |(a) the number of individuals they are able to cater for | | | | | | | |(b) t he type of leisure opportunities and activities they are able | | | | | | | |to offer | | | | | | | |(c) any reasonable restrictions on those o whom the opportunities | | | | | | | |would be made available | | | | | | | |(d) any reasonable adjustments (beyond those that are legally | | | | | | | |required), they will need to make and who will resource and make | | | | | | | |the adjustments | | | | | | | |7 You confirm agreements in writing and take appropriate actions to| | | | | | | |enable the leisure opportunities and activities to be accessed. | | | | | | | |8 You record and report processes and outcomes within | | | | | | | |confidentiality agreements and according to legal and | | | | | | | |organisational requirements. | | | | | | | DO = Direct ObservationRA = Reflective AccountQ = Questions EW = Expert Witness P = Product (Work)WT = Witness Testimony To be completed by the Candidate | |I SUBMIT THIS AS A COMPLETE UNIT | | | |Candidate’s name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Candidate’s signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | | |Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |To be completed by the Assessor | |It is a shared esponsibility of both the candidate and assessor to claim evidence, however, it is the responsibility of the | |assessor to ensure the accuracy/validity of each evidence claim and make the final decision. | | | |I certify that sufficient evidence has been produced to meet all the elements, pcS AND KNOWLEDGE OF THIS UNIT. | | | | | |Assessor’s name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | | | |Assessor’s signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | | | |Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | |Assessor/Internal Verifier Feedback | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | To be completed by the Internal Verifier if applicable | |This section only needs to be completed if the Unit is sampled by the Internal Verifier | | | |Internal Verifier’s name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Internal Verifier’s signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | | |Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] If you are working with children and young people the term â€Å"individuals† covers children and young people and â€Å"key people† covers parents, families, carers, friends and others with whom the child/young person has a supportive relationship [2] The key purpose identified for those working in health and social care settings is â€Å"to provide an integrated, ethical and inclusive service, which meets agreed needs and outcomes of people requiring health and/or social care† How to cite Support Individuals to Maintain Personal Hygiene, Essay examples

My Journey as a Medical Assistant free essay sample

Pursuit of a degree as a medical assistant will require dedication, research, and passion, for successful completion of the combination of course work, clinical, and externship experience necessary to work in this role within the medical field. Entering into the medical assistant program will depend on what suites your needs. Do your research on the school of your choice, keeping in mind, their accreditation(s). Before perusing a diploma or degree in medical assisting, you must be dedicated, and have a passion to work in the medical field. If, you are working, get as much information as you can about the program, so that you can let your employer know your ambitions to further your education. You might explore online courses, part-time or night classes. Whatever path you choose, think in long terms; what is this degree going to do for me? Is it a stepping-stone to pursue a higher education; or is it a change in career paths. Medical Assistants continue to grow with the shortage of Registered Nurses on the frontline. Some students have obtained the diploma program and others have completed the program with an associate’s degree. Each state will be specific as to what educational/training is need for the medical assistant to work in a specific state, and the scope in which you can practice. When obtaining a diploma or degree in medical assisting you will be required to do course work, clinical and externship programs. Courses that you will have to; complete are anatomy physiology, pathophysiology, medical terminology, medical front office procedures, x-ray, electrocardiograph, electronic health records, pharmacology and laboratory procedures, math courses, and science to name a few (Allied Health Institute, 2014). During your clinical program, you will be required to complete one hundred and twenty hours of shadowing with another medical assistant, LPN or RN at a clinical site; then during your externship program, you will be required to complete one hundred and sixty hours, with hands on at a clinical site (Allied Health Institute, 2014). As you finish your clinical and externship program, you will have a great respect for the medical field. Upon successful completion of the program, you can then take the national exam. Employment for medical assistants will increase 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). During extensive research, what I discovered is that the medical assistant with an associate’s degree and national certification is more employable (Donald A. Balasa, JD, MBA, 2009). Depending upon what field of interest you will be entering in, will determine the level of pay; the more complexity of the practice, the better the pay. Once you have sought employment in the field, you will be working in various areas, in which multi-tasking is vital. As a medical assistant, you will be required to know the front and back office. Front office responsibilities will be, but not limited to answer phone calls, make/cancel appointments, greet the patients as they arrive, checking patient’s in, using electronic health records, (some doctors have not transitioned over to electronic health records) receiving co-pays if necessary, update insurance information, address, assisting new patients with the appropriate paperwork and checking patients out. Back end responsibilities will be to triage patients, order supplies, stock supplies, maintain medication log, obtaining vitals, clean exam rooms after each patient, ensuring that all items used during an exam are disposed of accordingly or sterilized, history, reason for office visit, assisting the doctor with a physical exam. Additional duties could be to remove stitches or sutures, collection of specimens, giving injections pursuant to your scope of practice, venipuncture, calling in prescriptions, making sure the doctor has current test results, dealing with patient’s concerns and questions, and to communicate effectively and accurately with the doctor, staff and patients. In the field of medicine, you can continue your education. You can transfer credits into a LPN/RN program, or you can use the associate’s degree in your current position giving you, the opportunity to apply for better positions or because you completed the degree program, you might be eligible for an increase in pay. In the field of dialysis, you can actually apply for contract work; completing a thirteen-week employment assignment and having the fun of meeting new people in field, gaining knowledge from their perspective and visa-versa. Travel assignments in the medical field are in great demand; they range from techs to doctors. Medical recruiters offer travel opportunities in the United States and International. With obtaining an associate’s degree and working in the field of dialysis, and the year(s) of experience, the starting salary would be of a significantly higher pay. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the median pay range for a medical assistant without a degree was, from $29,370 per year to $14. 12 per hour (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). Certified medical assistants (CMA) American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) is a professional organization for CMA’s (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013). In 1956, the CMA/AAMA was organized; it is a dynamic leader and a voice for medical assistants (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013). Once, you have graduated on or after January 1, 2010, you have 60-months from the date of graduation to take the national exam and pass it (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013). The medical assistant has three attempts; if the medical assistant does not pass the exam within the 60-month period, the medical assistant will not be eligible to have the credentials of CMA (AAMA) (American Association of Medical Assistants, 2013).

Strategic Choice free essay sample

What advice would you give to management concerning the best way to implement strategic choices in an organization? There are four types of tactics that management can use to Implement strategic plans in an organization: Intervention, persuasion, participation, and edict. Intervention tactics begins when a manager decides to make strategic changes. The manager creates the need for change In minds of the group (leaders, peers) by reforming the systems (Nutt, 1998). This Is done by showing a comparison between the present system and a reform system and showing performance gap. Then, the manager is ready to create steps to implement intervention tactics. Before using these steps, it is essential for a manager to be educated on possibilities, redirected threats, managed anger, built confidence, and reinforced the plans (Huse, 1975). It demands high level skills to create new norms to show the need for change for the organization. 2. How would your advice change based on whether the organizations environment was dynamic versus stable? A dynamic organizations environment has is one that is full of possible opportunities and possible treats. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Choice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, managers, specifically planners and policy makers annot analyze future environment? s condition with an assumption that It will stay In a predictable state. Managers are challenged to make environmental declslons to improve performance. According to Carlsson and El Sawy (2008), Decision making in turbulent environments is challenging because managers must decide and act rapidly. Consequently, decision-makers must plan for the uncertainties of the environment. One of the main factors that contribute to the sense of uncertainties is lack of communication. The lack of communication that prevents managers from making organization environment decisions such as: lack of information and lack of nowledge. In contrast, in a stable and predictable environment, managers who are the decision-makers can adhere to a long-term plan whereas the uncertain or dynamic environment plans are short-term.

Educational psychology Essays

Educational psychology Essays Educational psychology Essay Educational psychology Essay Appraisal is the procedure of roll uping. interpretation. and synthesizing information in order to do determinations about pupils ; supply scholars feedback about their advancement and their strengths and failings ; justice instructional effectivity and inform educational policy ( American Federation of Teachers. et Al. . 1990 as cited in Gage and Berliner. 1998 ) . On the other manus. motive is merely what moves scholars from ennui to involvement so that they continue larning. It arouses and directs learner’s activities towards larning over clip. Appraisals can actuate scholars if instructors and pupils functions are efficaciously performed. For case. the function of a instructor can be planing undertakings in a manner that scholars can finish with sensible sum of attempt. Difficult trials should be divided into subgroups that are accomplishable without inordinate attempt. The function of the instructor even includes ability to inform scholars in progress about the nature of the appraisals. In this manner. appraisals are able to actuate student’s attempt to larn. Furthermore. Nicholls ( 1999 ) as cited in Stepleton ( 2001 ) states appraisals will actuate scholars if they are non seen as a signifier of anguish to the pupils. The instructor should guarantee that pupils understand that appraisals are merely meant to help scholars towards accomplishment of effectual acquisition and attainment of educational ends. If pupils understand this. they will value appraisals and organize a positive attitude towards appraisals at that place by acquiring motivated to larn. Appraisals. if used judicially as in rating T trials and marking of Markss. can actuate scholars to larn ( Gage and Berliner. 1998 ) . Similarly. it is pointed out that given that scholars are labelled on the footing of appraisals and that these labels create outlooks about learner’s ability. features and educational competency. Teachers have to be careful in labelling pupils. Stepleton ( 2001 ) states that harmonizing to self-fulfilment prognostication theory. pupils learn to act in line with the label or feature that has been applied to them. Hence. if appraisals are to actuate pupils. instructors must avoid labelling scholars as hapless. dull. incompetent or failures on the footing of quantitative consequences of appraisals in the category. If a pupil feels the instructor knows him or her as an underachiever. the scholar may cleave to that outlook. On the other manus. good labels such as first-class. good and fantastic should be encouraged and used suitably to increase motive on the pupils larning attempts.

American soldiers' harbored bitterness toward their hometown and Essay

American soldiers' harbored bitterness toward their hometown and ordinary average citizen in America - Essay Example ?other.’ They are compelled to respond in such a manner because they are confronted by what seems to them, and is, an overwhelming apprehension of injustice. But, while going inward and seeing others as the source of their anxiety, they are paradoxically fleeing themselves. If they feel divorced from civilians, sometimes reflect bitterly about them, but feel strong impulses to still communicate with them, it is because these young men are consumed with the dread of others’ opinions of their behavior, the choices they have made or which have been thrust upon them and resent being in this position. Risking death and pain in a war they know to be questionable, if not unjustified, they flee to isolate themselves from what they most fear: disapproval. everyone uncomfortable. It is this moral dilemma that Tim O’Brien addresses in ‘On the Rainy River.’ It is also his reason for fleeing, and for seeing in others the cause of his crushing anxiety. In the first paragraph, O’Brien admits his reticence to tell this story about himself, certain it will cause embarrassment – â€Å"a sudden need to be elsewhere.†(39) The mere suggestion that he would refuse service in Vietnam upon receiving his draft notice, would play the coward rather than the hero, instills in him shame. But his dilemma is real: he has no choice but to agree to â€Å"fight a war [he] hated,† in which â€Å"[c]certain blood was being shed for uncertain reasons.†(40) That summer became for him one of â€Å"moral confusion.†(40) One feels in every word on the page O’Brien’s suffocation, his â€Å"moral split.†(44) One also understands his outrage and how he expresses it. This war is not a war he chose. He considers it unjustified. But in his conservative prairie town of southern Minnesota he can find no one who shares his thoughts – though it must be admitted that he makes no attempt to find and speak to anyone about his angst. Patrons of the Gobbler Cafà © on Main Street represent to him the

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Leadership - Essay Example In turn, the followers are able to connect effectively with their leader without fear of any punitive measures against them. In this leadership model, a leader should be able to enhance positive change among his followers. It focuses on the personality of the leader instead of the actions of the same leader. To effect change and impart it among individuals requires a lot of assertiveness which is a must trait that a leader should posses if not learn. The film depicts Coach Carter as having idealized influence over his followers, which is simply the trust people have in him. Transformational leadership as seen in the film builds and maintains mutual trust between follower and the leader. Further, Carter has given his followers more autonomy and voice in making decision concerning them. This makes them feel important since they know that their leader cares about them. This builds a harmonious relationship between employees and top management (Bass 36-38). In order to create an atmosphere of trust, the leader can give workers more autonomy, interact with them and create a situation of idealized influence eliminate misconceptions about their relationship with the management. Transformational leadership facilitates and redefines people’s vision and mission. It also renews people’s commitment and restructures their systems to accomplish a certain goal. Thus, a mutual relationship stimulates and elevates follower to become leaders. In addition, it may also convert leaders to become moral agents. Transformational leadership should therefore be grounded on moral foundations. As seen in the film Coach Carter posses this qualities since he advocates for things that would lead to attainment of the people’s mission and vision. Transformational leadership has been renowned for fostering capacity development to bring higher personal level of commitment among

Childrens cognitive development: social emotional newborn to preschool

Childrens cognitive development: social emotional newborn to preschool Each year myriads of children enter kindergarten or preschool unprepared cognitively. Lack of cognitive development and school readiness is a start on the wrong foot. The fact remains, todays children will be tomorrows leader, parents, workers, and citizens. It is for this reason we should encourage their cognitive development. The issue of child development has raised an assortment of theories over time and cultures to aid the process of child care and parenting. Western cultural views on this subject have been influenced by the ideas of several theorists. Child development is a complex topic as it an intricate mixture of entwined systems and mechanisms occurring in the external environment. This theoretical paper explores key aspects and issues of childrens development in a socio- emotional framework. It will focus on social and emotional development in individuals from birth to school age. Furthermore, it will analyse current research challenges in the area of cognitive development in this group and seek to address the primary criteria is for children to develop successfully. It would be apt to discuss the views of theorists in social and emotional development and additionally include the effect of nature and nurture on the childrens development. This paper will show every theory gives differing developmental views. However, one thing is certain the agreement, of all, that the external, societal environment has a key effect on child development. In conclusion, it will offer recommendations in implementing policies and initiatives to social/emotional development. What is Child Development? Child development is the biological and psychological changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence (Oates 1994). Mishra (2009) adds that it is multi-faceted, integral and continual processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in which children become able to handle ever more complex levels of moving, thinking, feeling and relating to others. All forms of a childs development occur when it interacts with its environment, family and society as a whole. Child development can therefore be described as the study dedicated to understanding every facet of human progression from birth to adolescence. These views show child development is a multi- disciplinary field. Kail (2006) describes the developmental stages of children as newborn (birth 1month), infant (1month-1yr), toddler (1-3yrs), pre-schooler (4-6yrs), school-aged child (6-13years), and adolescents (13yrs 20yrs). He further asserts that child development is essential to society thus importance was to be given to their social, cognitive, emotional and educational development. Core aspects of Child Development Child development occurs differently from one child to the other this is because developmental milestones are not the same for the various aspects development. (Waller 2009) acknowledged the uniqueness in each child and that there was no such thing as normal development. In the main, aside from physical development, Woodhead and Montgomery (2003) the core aspects of development as cognitive, speech and language, social and emotional, fine motor skills and gross motor skills. In reality the core aspects overlap so all areas of development are strengthened and enhanced by growth in others. Cognitive Development and Theories Cognitive (Intellectual) development is the acquisition of skills in childhood to adapt with the world around them. It plays a major role in a childs ability to think critically. These processes comprise of understanding reasoning, thinking, problem solving, learning, conceptualizing, classifying and remembering (Schaffer 2006). This assignment cannot conceivably cover all the work done on cognition in children. Dozens of child development theories exist but four exponents have contributed valued insights in this field. Each takes their cognitive development theories from a different angle. Jean Piaget expounds knowledge acquisition is an interplay between children and their environment. He gives four stages for cognitive evolution. Piaget noted that each stage of cognitive development was qualitatively different from the previous and the next. Piagets stages of cognitive development were; Sensorimotor (birth 2yrs), Preoperational (2 7yrs), Concrete operations (7 11yrs) and Formal operations (11 years on). Periods were based on approximation. Initially, Children were seen as little adults but Jean Piaget showed that childrens thinking capacities did not gradually improve with maturity but rather went through transformations in logical competency, passing through a sequence of stages in development. This explains why a four month old baby learning to explore his environment kicks his feet to move a mobile suspended above his crib. Other theorists, like Vygotsky, Erikson, and Gesell contend that Piagets early theories are flawed or incomplete. Vygotskys underlying theoretical framework argued that social interaction played key part in cognition development. He states every function in the child cultural development appears twice: first on the social level, and later on the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory and the formation of ideas (Vygotsky 1978). Gesell argued that cognitive development has a timetable which is decided by genetics. He, like Piaget, deemphasizes the individual differences in children and he stresses the significance of maturation. He believed that skills and abilities appeared in a predictable order and that because children were subject to preordained developmental forces their behaviours were not accidental. He offered four areas of behavioural development; motor, language, adaptive and personal-social. Erikson like Gesell was more interested in the emotional aspect of child development. He thought of development in terms of stages as well but his theory differs from Piagets in that the accent was on the individual differences in children. Social and Emotional Development Sroufe (1996) gave a definition of emotion as a subjective reaction to a salient event, characterised by physiological experiential and overt behavioural change. Emotions are an innate part our nature gain as a hereditary trait. Cognitive and emotional development are usually seen as disconnect processes. Bell Wolfe (2004) showed both behaviours and developments to be link; acting on each other to process ideas, information and action. Eriksons theory on Psychosocial Development Eriksons psychosocial development is possibly the best known theory in psychology. Like Freud, Erikson believed that personality developed in a succession of stages. But his theory differed from Freuds on two counts. Firstly Erikson stated that children were active and enquiring explorers who sought to adapt to their environment, other than a reactive or passive slave to the genetics of their parents. Erikson held that in every stage of life individuals must negotiate social realities to adapt effectively and show a normal development pattern. With social interaction our Ego Identity develops. According to Erikson the ego identity regularly changes as a result of new information gained daily by our day to day interaction with others. Secondly, Erikson placed lesser accent on sexual tendencies than Freud psychosexual theory. He places more accents on cultural influences and explains the impact of social experiences over an individuals lifetime. Erikson held the view that a sense of competency motivated actions and behaviours but managing a crisis inadequately made the individual feel a failure. For Erikson development was a life-long process and his eight stages of man theory confirms this proposing that development of man began at birth and ended with old age and death. Greene (2008) adds that each developmental stage was a new plateau for developing mastery within the context of social factors. As mentioned earlier the socialization process had eight psychosocial stages (crises) during an individuals lifetime. All crises need to be resolved successfully to work towards an acceptable resolve in the next crises. Erikson viewed these conflicts as areas of developing or failing in psychological quality. In all crises there is an equal potential for success or failure in personal growth. His eight stages of psychosocial development are, in order, Trust verses Mistrust, Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt, Initiative versus Guilt, Industry versus Inferiority, Identity versus Confusion, Intimacy versus Isolation, Generativity versus Stagnation, and finally Integrity versus Despair. This final crisis appears in the aged and focuses on reflection of life. In who are unsuccessful at this stage will feel that life has been wasted and experience pain and regret leading to bitterness and despair. On the other hand, individuals who are proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity. A successful completion means satisfaction with few regrets, if any. Such individuals, Erikson claims, will achieve wisdom even on confrontation with death. Challenges to Eriksons theory on Development Eriksons psychosocial theory is still held in high regard widely but there are critics, as with all concepts and models that challenge his ideas. His model is made up of stages. This brings in the idea of discontinuity which stresses that development happens in a succession of sudden changes that develop into changes. Continuity theorists disagree, arguing that individuals developed in smaller stages with no sudden change. For example language development and physical growth are a gradual, smooth continuous growth. Erikson didnt accept defeat in this argument. He suggested that early stage experiences had a bearing with later stage experiences subsequently they were connected in a manner to show continuity. For some his theory is seen as too generalised. Stevens (1983) suggests his theory lacks rigour. In his theory behaviours and mechanisms cannot be easily identified as the often appear unclear. Also being challenged are the overlapping stages. Yet, it may have been a true reflection of its nature as opposed to being inadequate. Erikson, himself, affirms that his theory was based on clinical studies and that all walks of people gave him access to their life experiences. He does accept that due to this his theory could be culture or class driven. He sought to rectify his assertion through his study of anthropology where he compared and debated the life cycles of different societies. Erikson conceptualization of identity was based on the modern western society only. This paved the way for the possible criticism of cultural bias. Nature versus Nurture Influence The nature verses nurture debate is a controversial issue that surrounds cognition. The question arises as to which influences development and whether the influence of genetics and the environment can be separated. Not easily. It may be safe to assume that genetic and the environment balance an individuals trait and behavior. Neither one influences on its own as without one the other is not triggered. Genes have an effect on personality and behavior nonetheless the environment transforms and shapes the reaction of people. This debate will stay ongoing as accurately pinpointing where either gene or environment step in is nigh on impossible. John Locke (1693) disagreed with the view that infants were miniature adults who were born fully equipped with abilities and knowledge. He further introduced the concept of tabula rasa (blank slate) as a description of a newborn babys mind. Children to him were born neither good nor sinful but ready to be formed by their education and experiences. The arrival of the 20th century brought in new ideas from behaviourists who asserted that early training of children turned them into any type of adult irrespective of genes. It is apt to then to look at other features like the cultural background of the child, timing of experiences and ecological factors. They saw the time of an experience occurred would have a significant influence on a childs development. Conclusion Eriksons model recognises the massive role the social environment plays in shaping a childs sense of self. His theory, as we have seen, was based on the premise that individuals interact with countless people, starting with mother and ending with society as a whole. His life cycle stages offers a glimpse into the various stages of babies infants, pre-schoolers etc. It can be seen that successful socio-emotional and cognitive development can bring about behaviours that assist in cognitive development in children. The environment has to be physically and cognitively stimulating to offer fresh concepts while the familiarity is maintained. Such environments should let the child see and be a part of society so that societal norms can be experienced. We have seen that the great theorists are all in agreement that society plays a major part in childrens development. It is becomes apparent as we see that if children are to develop successfully they must confidently understand the mechanisms and works of their own society. This is so that they can adjust or adapt their behaviour to fit in the society. The paper shows that all developmental aspects are closely interrelated. So, the criterion required for successful cognitive and emotional development resides in an environment which lets the child develop and achieve their needs whilst allowing them to learn about their society. We found that emotional development requires thinking to interpret the various situations, understand peoples reactions, so that behaviours and responses are moulded accordingly. The pressures of present society, family and relationships plus the zest for personal development and fulfilment make Eriksons theory very pertinent. His theory is amongst other reasons useful for self-awareness, teaching, coaching managing, applying to conflict resolution and perhaps most important of all parenting.

Microserfs

In Microserfs Douglas Coupland attempts to analyze the lives of people whose work is closely associated with most advanced machines that have yet been made: computers. The title of the novel Microserfs introduces the two main ideas of the novel: it is a play on the dominant force within the computer industry (Microsoft) and the word serfs, which refers to the semi-slave groups who existed within feudal societies in medieval times. Coupland suggests that the people who work for companies like Microsoft are essentially a king of voluntary serf. The characters within this novel want to be machine-like for a number of reasons. First, that seems to be the characteristic which has enabled Bill Gates (the founder and CEO of Microsoft) to rise to the top of the industry. While they apparently hate their jobs at Microsoft, leading to their leaving them and attempting to set up their own company, they also greatly admire the machine-like quality that Gates brings to his work.   Secondly, a machine is totally involved with what it is doing – it has no distractions that will take it away from the task at hand. Third, there is the beautiful logic of software code which contrasts with the often chaotic nature of their personal and professional lives. In Microserfs the great spur for activity is the search to be â€Å"One-Point-Oh†, that is â€Å"to be the first to do the first version of something†(Coupland, 1995). Computer software is normally identified according to which version of the program it is, so to be â€Å"one-point-oh† (1.0) is to be the best. There is a machine like logic to this idea which is of course not really based upon reality: normally the first version of any program is crude and ineffective compared to later versions which are more sophisticated and have been adapted according to the real-world experience of the software being used. In many ways the main characters of the novel such as Daniel, Susan and Todd are removed from the real world to the extent that they need to employ someone from that world to be their â€Å"reality-check†, that person being Daniel’s mother. The characters are obviously satirical in nature, and are taken to such an extreme that they almost seem like people who inhabit a video game. Take for example Michael, who is a brilliant but awkward programmer who leaves Microsoft to start his own company, and decides to adopt a â€Å"Flatlander diet† (Coupland, 1995). This involves only eating â€Å"two-dimensional food† (Coupland, 1995) which means food that can be slid under his door, He has a screen name of â€Å"Kraft Singles† (Coupland, 1995), an ironic comment upon his peculiar diet. Michael is just one example of the tendency to take matters to an extreme among the characters. Todd is not just a body-builder, but an obsessive body-builder. Bug is not only experienced, older and a little more cynical than his younger fellow workers, he calls himself â€Å"the World’s Bitterest Man† (Coupland, 1995). All of these characterizations make the people who inhabit the novel seem essentially machine-like: they are one/two dimensional, relentless in their pursuit of an end and often limited in outlook.   A software program is designed to do one thing extremely well, but nothing else. In the same way the characters attempt to do one thing, or be one thing, extremely well. The constant conflict between the need for a pure existence as a designer, body-builder, bitterest man etc. comes up against the natural human tendency to diversify and to be multi-faceted. While Microserfs was written before the massive explosion in Internet usage, the manner in which people are now essentially locked to their computers:- constantly checking e-mail even in the most remote locations – is a natural development of the kind of process that Coupland sees in this novel. The ongoing discussion between machine and human being, something which is reflected within Coupland’s novels, continues unabated. In conclusion, the characters of Microserfs seek to be machine like because they see this as a route to success. Their â€Å"king†, Bill Gates, who they leave, is nevertheless an icon to be aimed at. He seems more like a machine than a human being according to Coupland, and has all the strengths and weaknesses that are associated with this identity. The characters of this novel, wonderfully funny, but often very sad at the same time, reflect this search to be the perfect human machine.   The fact is that they seem to lose their humanity along the way. Works Cited Coupland, Doug

Prison and Finn

Book Review on: Incarceron Author: Catherine Fisher Number of pages: 442 Publisher/Year: Dial Books 2010 Imagine a living prison so vast that it contains forests, towns, and even seas. This is Incarceron. It is a self- sustaining prison like no other. Incarceron’s prisoners live in cities, not cells, and they live normal lives. The prison has been sealed for centuries and only one man, in legend, has ever escaped. The story starts with Finn, a seventeen year old, who is convinced he doesn’t belong in Incarceron.This is because he has dreams where he sees stars, and there are no stars in Incarceron. He thinks he came from the outside and got stuck there somehow. The story tells that Finn is part of a tribe with his oath brother, Keiro. They just caught a prisoner who turns out to be a Maestra, or leader, of another tribe so they trade her back to them for her weight in goods like coins and treasures. Finn finds a strange key in the treasures and decides to keep it. The o ther â€Å"key† part of this book is a character named Claudia who is the warden of Incarceron’s daughter.She sneaks into her father’s study and finds a key in one of the drawers of his desk. She quickly takes it and goes to her teacher, Jared. He says that he has never anything like it and that he will have to do research to see what it does. That is when the story really takes off because Finn decides he has to find a way out of Incarceron and Keiro, Attia, a prison girl who lives on the street and a prophet who always wanted to see stars and the outside named Gildas follow him. Finn then began to fiddle with the key and it started to glow. Claudia pops up out of nowhere as a holographic image because she also had a key.She tells them that she wants to help them escape and their journey soon comes to an end near the edge of Incarceron, the wall. Claudia goes back to her father’s study to search for clues. She sits down in the chair in the middle of the room and is instantly transported to Incarceron. She had no idea what was going on but she soon found Finn and the others. Her father couldn’t stand that she was in there so he told them how to get outside. He said that the keys are actually transporters so that when you press the eye of the eagle on the keys you teleported out.The dilemma was that there were only two keys and five of them. After a lot of fighting Finn and Claudia promise to return for the rest of them and they left. We later find out that the prison is actually inside the watch that the warden carries around with him. All in all, I truly believe that this is an awesome book. The way that the author melds two story lines into one plot amazes me and I had a great time reading this story I would recommend Incarceron to anyone that likes fantasy books with twists. I can’t wait to start reading the second one. Reviewed by: Andrew Caldwell ***** English IV Period 4

What Attracts Bedbugs to Human Environments

Once considered a pest of the past, bedbugs now make regular headlines as they infest homes, hotels, and dormitories worldwide. As bedbugs spread, more people worry about them and want to know what causes a bedbug infestation. Though it might seem as if bedbug infestations are on the rise, historical context indicates that bedbugs and other bloodsucking parasites have been associated with humans for thousands of years. Throughout that history, people have endured them feeding on their blood. Bedbugs all but disappeared when people started using DDT and other pesticides to keep insects out of their homes. Although news headlines suggest bedbugs are conquering the world, the reality is that bedbug infestations are still at historically low numbers. Why are they called bedbugs? Once they settle into your home, they congregate where you spend a lot of sedentary time: chairs, couches, and especially beds. They are attracted to you by the carbon dioxide in the air you breathe out, and you do a lot of breathing over the hours youre in bed. Then they feed on your blood. Bedbugs Dont Care If Youre Clean or Dirty Contrary to popular belief, there is no association between bedbugs and filth. They feed on human and animal blood, and as  long as a source of blood is available to them, they will happily take up residence in even the most pristine home. Being poor doesnt put you at greater risk for bedbugs, and having wealth doesnt immunize you from a bedbug infestation. Although poverty doesnt cause  bedbugs, impoverished communities may lack the resources needed to control infestations, making them more persistent and pervasive in such areas. Bedbugs Are Excellent Hitchhikers For bedbugs to infest your home, they have to hitch a ride on someone or something. They dont usually stay on their human hosts after feeding, but they might hide in clothing and inadvertently go along for the ride to a new location. Most often, bedbugs travel in luggage after someone has stayed in an infested hotel room. Bedbugs may even infest theaters and other public spaces and spread to new locations via purses, backpacks, coats, or hats. Bedbugs Go Where the Action Is Since bedbugs travel by hitchhiking,  infestations are more common in places with high rates of turnover in the human population: apartment buildings, dormitories, homeless shelters, hotels and motels, and military barracks. Any time you have a lot of people coming and going, theres an increased risk that someone will carry a few bedbugs into the building. In general, owners of single-family homes have a lower risk of getting bedbugs. Bedbugs Hide in Clutter Once in your home, bedbugs scurry quickly to select a new hiding place; in beds and other furniture, behind baseboards, under wallpaper, or inside switch plates. Then its just a matter of time before they begin multiplying. A single female may arrive at your doorstep already carrying enough eggs to produce hundreds of offspring. While filth does not benefit bedbugs, clutter does. The more cluttered your home is, the more hiding places there are for bedbugs and the harder it will be to get rid of them.